Vol. Hence, scholars have studied humanistic primary rhetoric (speech or oratory) and secondary rhetoric (written words, especially letters and other prose treatises) extensively. Kristeller, Paul Oskar. Share Citation . Istituto Nazionale di Studi sul Rinascimento. in Art History W hat does it mean to be human? The works in this section offer a sampling of studies on individual Italian humanists. Aldershot, UK, and Burlington, VT: Variorum, 1996. Collected Works of Erasmus. Historical research since the late 20th century demonstrates that Roman humanism was just as intellectually rich as that of Florence, but distinct. Share Citation . 1657 and 167178, contrasts Kristellers synchronic approach to humanism with Eugenio Garins diachronic approach. Sculpture and architecture for long years sunk to the merest travesty of art and are only today in the process of rescue from obscurity; only now are they being brought to a new pitch of perfection by men of genius and erudition. Humanist literature Many scholars, writers, intellectuals, and patrons contributed to the development of humanism in Italy. Short introduction to Petrarch and his works; emphasizes his life and poetry more than his philosophy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979. Erasmus, Desiderius. Translated by Brian Duvick. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998. 1304d. Ianziti, Gary. Di Napoli, Giovanni. Sees Melanchthon as a Christian civic humanist. Brown, Alison. Hankins 1990 offers a synoptic account of Renaissance Platonism in 15th-century Italy. Emphasizes Accoltis role as a humanist historian of the Italian Middle Ages, as well as his reforms as chancellor. Brills Encyclopaedia of the Neo-Latin World. 1996, provides an introduction, and Trinkaus 1970 has good relevant chapters. Well-known humanist associations are Humanists UK and the American Humanist Association . 1911d. Discusses origins, themes, and major figures and provides excellent bibliography. Four distinguished historians assess Barons view of Petrarch, humanism, and Machiavelli. Renaissance Humanism - World History Encyclopedia Res Publica Litterarum 4 (1981). Civic humanism describes an intellectual movement during the Italian Renaissance in which ideologies emphasizing republicanism emerged: ideologies in. Italian Renaissance Culture | Encyclopedia.com Oxford: Clarendon, 1995. 1464), a Florentine chancellor and humanist. 2934. Renaissance art | Definition, Characteristics, Style, Examples, & Facts Nauert, Charles G., Jr. Humanism and the Culture of Renaissance Europe. Melanchthon between Renaissance and Reformation: From Exegesis to Political Action. In Melanchthon in Europe: His Work and Influence beyond Wittenberg. Humanism - Wikipedia 2004), professor of the history of philosophy at the University of Florence and the Scuola Normale Superiore in Pisa, argued that humanism was a broad philosophy of life. Special Issue: Studies in the Classical Tradition. By Hans Baron, 51101. It praises the institution and criticizes its members. Among them is the scholar Petrarch, who founded humanism. Petrarch: Poet and Humanist. Garin 1937 and Kristeller 1964 are good starting points, while Di Napoli 1965 and Istituto Nazionale di Studi sul Rinascimento 1965 introduce the reader to the many facets of Picos thought. That creates a swing of more than 100C (212F . George of Trebizond: A Biography and a Study of His Rhetoric and Logic. I Tatti Renaissance Library. Contemporary humanist organizations work under the umbrella of Humanists International. Bouwsma 1968 deals with late Venetian humanism and cultural values in conflict with the papacy. 2d ed. Wilcox, Donald J. Share Citation . 1934) did pioneering work on the recovery of manuscripts of ancient works that is still valuable; see Sabbadini 1967. Stinger 1985 and Rowland 1998 offer more-general surveys, while Celenza 1999 translates an interesting text. Argues for a strong rhetorical element in humanist thought, and that humanists were not necessarily personally committed to civic values. Up-to-date information on the major quarrels between humanists and Scholastics over biblical scholarship in Italy, Spain, France, the Netherlands, and elsewhere. Bietenholz, Peter G., and Thomas B. Deutscher. In nearly a thousand pages, and analyzing a vast array of manuscript and printed primary sources, Trinkaus studies the religious writings of Italian humanists from Petrarch through Giovanni Pico. Rummel, Erika. Florence: Felice le Monnier, 1937. The articles in Murphy 1983 sample the rich field of scholarship on humanistic rhetoric across Europe. Robin, Diana. Important additional articles that round out the interpretation. 1535) ranged from history and poetry to the Utopia and are indispensable for understanding English humanism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991. While Salutati was the most important early leader of Florentine humanists, Witt also emphasizes medieval and religious tendencies in his thought. Camporeale, Salvatore I. Lorenzo Valla: Umanesimo e teologia. Bouwsma 1987 argues for a humanistic John Calvin. Voigt, Georg. Because of the vast importance and broad scope of humanism, it is not surprising that scholars have studied it intensively and view it in different ways. Edited by Donald W. Rude. 2 vols. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007. 1552), who wrote a very influential history of his own era, as well as other works. Christian Humanism: Definition & Role in the Renaissance Supplements Baron 1955a with detailed, somewhat technical chapters concerning the genesis and dating of humanist texts in the early 15th century. By contrast, Witt 2000 evicts Petrarch from his position of father of humanism.. Sadoleto combined an influential career in Rome with humanistic biblical studies and an attempt to find some common ground with moderate Protestants. DOI: 10.4159/harvard.9780674435995Save Citation Export Citation 1547). Toronto and Buffalo, NY: University of Toronto Press, 2002. Study of Celtis (b. 2 consists of appendixes and texts. Gleason, John B. John Colet. 1370d. It pays particular attention to the influence of Thucydides and Polybius on Leonardo Bruni and his position in Florentine politics. Because humanism is a vast topic, overviews are few. DOI: 10.4159/harvard.9780674330320Save Citation Export Citation Valla 1977, Valla 1985, and Valla 2007 provide English translations of some of his most important and controversial works. Most readers will prefer the one-volume 1966 revised edition, available in paperback, because it streamlines and sharpens the argument. 3 vols. Starkey (b.c.1495d. Christian humanism - Wikipedia Vol. 1467d. 15 vols. Thomas More (b. Although neo-Latin (new Latin) means the Latin language from the time of Petrarch to the present, this work concentrates on neo-Latin in the Renaissance. Renaissance Civic Humanism: Reappraisals and Reflections. 2 vols. Black, Robert. Bishop, Morris. The Praise of Pleasure: Philosophy, Education, and Communism in Mores Utopia. Emphasizes that Florentine humanism was secular, and sees tensions between the thought of the humanists and Machiavelli. Offers detailed investigations of the humanist Giovanni Caldiera and several female humanists. Binghamton, NY: Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies, 1987. Roman humanists emphasized the links and continuity between ancient Rome and papal Rome. Leiden, The Netherlands, and New York: Brill, 1988. Monfasani 2006 and Celenza 2004 assess Kristellers overall contribution to Renaissance studies. Etymology and definition Virtue Triumphant over Vice by Mantegna Andrea Mantegna (Public Domain) Renaissance Humanism was an intellectual movement typified by a revived interest in the classical world and studies which focussed not on religion but on what it is to be human. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968. Compare the. Collected Works of Erasmus. Renaissance Society of America 3. Petrarch strongly criticized medieval approaches and values, proposed ancient texts as sources of wisdom and models of style, and anticipated humanist pronouncements about the dignity of man. The strains between Christian faith and classical humanism led to Mannerism in the latter part of the 16th century. McCuaig, William. Marius, Richard. On Pleasure: De voluptate. Bentley, Jerry H. Politics and Culture in Renaissance Naples. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970. Ficino, Marsilio. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1979. Special Section: AHR Forum: Hans Barons Renaissance Humanism. American Historical Review 101.1 (1996): 101144. Rotterdam Netherlands Died: July 12, 1536 Basel Switzerland (Anniversary in 5 days) Notable Works: 2 vols. Rummel, Erika. Demonstrates how humanists used orations at marriage ceremonies as an opportunity to exalt the value of marriage as a secular value. The Platonic Academy was a major means by which Platos ideas entered the mainstream of Renaissance thought. Comprehensive study of all the historical works of the most influential humanist historian of the 15th century. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511522703Save Citation Export Citation Humanism in the Early Renaissance | Encyclopedia.com . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989. Many reprints and paperback editions. Classic biography that emphasized Erasmus as humanist, scholar, and religious reformer who steered a middle road between Catholic and Protestant. After an introduction about the Renaissance and humanism, it provides succinct summaries of key figures and themes, organized around the reigns of French kings. Baron, Hans. Philip Melanchthon (b. The goal of this work was to clear out the accumulated weight of the . An attempt to destroy Hebrew books, which humanists defended as important for the correct interpretation of the Bible, became a struggle between humanists and Scholastics between 1509 and 1520. CD-ROM version available under the direction of Lucinda Floridi (Leiden, The Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1995). Erasmus | Biography, Beliefs, Works, Books, & Facts | Britannica Elyot, Thomas. Translated by Peter Munz. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill, 2014. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983. 1478d. Humanism - Renaissance, Art, Philosophy | Britannica This work analyzes expressions of personal emotions at the death of a child and the humanistic literature of consolation in the Venetian political context. Giotto: The Nativity Humanists paid conscious tribute to realistic techniques in art that had developed independently of humanism. Twenty-three essays on Renaissance rhetoric in France, Italy, Germany, England, Spain, and the Netherlands, with much additional bibliography. Ciceronian Controversies. Gundersheimer, Werner L., ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989. 1398d. Baron, Hans. McGinness, Frederick J. Excellent critical edition with English translations from Latin when necessary, prepared by a distinguished team of scholars. Ianziti 2012 offers a detailed study of the most important historian of the early Renaissance. Share Citation . Bouwsma, William J. John Calvin: A Sixteenth-Century Portrait. What influence did humanism have on the founder of the Protestant Reformation, Martin Luther, and the development of the Protestant Reformation? Create your account. c.1500) and their scholarship. 1437) chronicling his successes and failures. Special Section: Lorenzo Valla: A Symposium. Journal of the History of Ideas 57.1 (1996): 186. In the opinion of the majority of scholars, it began in late-14th-century Italy, came to maturity in the 15th century, and spread to the rest of Europe after the middle of that century. 1331d. Traces Erasmuss development as a New Testament scholar in the midst of controversy. Very valuable source. Translated by Michael J. Oxford Studies in Historical Theology. Biblical Scholarship and the Church: A Sixteenth-Century Crisis of Authority. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1964. Hankins, James, ed. Humanism became civic during the political crisis of 1402 as the Florentine Republic struggled for its existence against Milan, ruled by a duke. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957. When an eight-year-old boy, the son of a prominent Venetian patrician, died in 1460, humanists responded with an outpouring of consoling letters, orations, treatises, and poems. Italian Renaissance - Da Vinci, Galileo & Humanism - HISTORY Bentley 1983 looks at three key developments, while the articles in Rummel 2008 chronicle some of the bitter fights between humanists and Scholastics. Renaissance humanism in Northern Europe - Wikipedia Origins. DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226436272.001.0001Save Citation Export Citation The Humanist-Scholastic Debate in the Renaissance and Reformation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1952. Rome: Descle, 1965. 3 vols. Published by the Renaissance Society of America. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 1982. A collection of articles arguing for strong Italian influence on German humanism, delineating the characteristics of German humanism, and assessing the importance of humanism in the German Reformation. Lopera e il pensiero di Giovanni Pico della Mirandola nella storia dellumanesimo: Convegno internazionale (Mirandola: 1518 Settembre 1963). Kohl 1985 is a good English-only bibliography, while Iter: Gateway to the Middle Ages & Renaissance is a comprehensive electronic bibliography that is particularly strong in recent works. Pico della Mirandola 1965 provides English translations of three of Picos works. Probably the most widely accepted definition of humanism is that it was the broad educational, literary, and cultural movement involving the studia humanitatisgrammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, and moral philosophy, based on the standard ancient authors in Latin and, to a lesser extent, Greek. Students and scholars seeking basic information may start with the articles on humanism in Grendler 1999, all of which offer reliable information and basic bibliographies. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004. Sabbadini, Remigio. These articles (many revised, plus some new ones) are collected here. Latin text with English translation of Ficinos most important work, in which he sets forth his view of Platonic philosophy and sees it as compatible with Christianity. A psychological portrait stressing Calvins humanist tendencies. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989. Garin sees Pico as the quintessential Renaissance philosopher for his emphasis on man. Aldershot, UK, and Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2005. The introductions provide a running history of Erasmuss life, the development of humanism, and the spread of religious controversy across Europe. From Petrarch to Leonardo Bruni: Studies in Humanistic and Political Literature. 1426d. If the humanists were to re-create and imitate ancient Greek and Latin learning, they had to find and transcribe the works of ancient authors. Expand or collapse the "in this article" section, Expand or collapse the "related articles" section, Expand or collapse the "forthcoming articles" section, The Transmission of Greek and Latin Learning, Marsilio Ficino and Renaissance Platonism, Concepts of the Renaissance, c. 1780c. Pico also attempted to find agreement on some propositions among a very wide range of Christian, pagan, ancient, medieval, and Renaissance sources. The Aristotelian Renaissance thus facilitated the revival of one of the chief articles in the original humanistic constitution: the belief in the poet's role as renewer of culture. Ficinos wide correspondence reveals many aspects of his scholarship, influence, and contacts with other scholars and humanists. 1415d. Austin Cline Updated on December 24, 2018 It is a historical irony that the Reformation created a political and religious culture in northern Europe that was especially hostile to the spirit of free inquiry and scholarship that characterized Humanism. Oxford: Clarendon, 1952. Baron, Hans. 2 vols. Translated by Victor A. Velen and Elizabeth Velen. 4 vols. New York: Italica, 2006. Share Citation . A good starting point both for students and scholars. Sees Valla as an advocate of Pauline theologythat is, emphasizing the themes found in the Epistles of St. Paul, including free will, faith, and salvation in God, in contrast to late medieval Scholastic theology. The Poet as Philosopher: Petrarch and the Formation of Renaissance Consciousness. Sees Erasmus primarily as a religious reformer who wanted to renew the church and theology on the model of the Christian Church of the first centuries CE. The Letters of Marsilio Ficino. The timing of the arrival of this New Learning differed from place to place. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Douglas, Richard M. Jacopo Sadoleto, 14771547: Humanist and Reformer. People who believe in humanism and the humanities. The Schoolmaster, published in 1570, described an education based on humanist principles, and was widely reprinted. Early attempt to assess Vallas contribution to humanism; emphasizes his philology and historical sensibilities. Lists thousands of manuscripts by Italian humanists found in libraries throughout the world. Stone 1969 provides an introduction to French humanism, while Kelley 1970, McNeil 1975, Lefvre dtaples 1972, and Gundersheimer 1969 offer studies of major figures and themes. Vol. Baron, Hans. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1967. All demonstrate Kristellers wide knowledge. Wilcox 1969 studies Florentine humanistic history writing in the 15th century, while Zimmermann 1995 and McCuaig 1989 study two important 16th-century historians. 1433d. Many of them were not lost; they could be found in monastic libraries if one knew where to look. Humanist pedagogues tirelessly promoted a curriculum based on the classics and taught it in their schools. Question: What is New Humanism? How did the Renaissance influence the Reformation Hans Barons conception of civic humanism and its origins has stimulated strong criticism and thoughtful assessment. Controversies over the Imitation of Cicero in the Renaissance: With Translations of Letters between Pietro Bembo and Gianfrancesco Pico on Imitation; And a Translation of Desiderius Erasmus. An indispensable tool for the researcher. DOI: 10.2307/2169225Save Citation Export Citation Di Napoli, Giovanni. Carlo Sigonio: The Changing World of the Late Renaissance. This was a way of integrating contemporaneous religion and classical culture. Analyzes the historical works of Bruni, Poggio Bracciolini, and Bartolomeo Scala. Eight Philosophers of the Italian Renaissance. Created by Niklas Eriksson, seasoned moose-milker and bear-wrestler from the northern wilderness of Sweden, Carpe Diem offers comics readers something funny every day. Garin, Eugenio. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1989. Studies of Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini, Marsilio Ficino, Politian, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, and Savonarola, plus Garins important essay on how the humanist chancellors of the Florentine Republic used the classics to promote republican civic values and oppose tyranny, a key part of his civic-life thesis. Erasmus: His Life, Works, and Influence. Studies of humanism in the Italian cities outside Rome (Roman Humanism), Florence (Florentine Humanism), and Venice (Venetian Humanism) demonstrate the similarity and diversity of Italian humanism. Hence, the history of English humanism is bound up with the Tudor monarchy and Henrys religious policies. A paperback edition of Vol. Humanism in renaissance Italy - Smarthistory Oxford: Blackwell, 1965. Pade, Marianne. Moeller 1982 offers a comprehensive answer. Excellent and concise one-volume survey of humanism across Europe. Translated by Virginia Conant. Chapter 2, pp. Vol. Translated by Peter Munz. A chronological account of Erasmuss many battles with conservative Catholic theologians who opposed his humanist approach to religious texts. Writing History in Renaissance Italy: Leonardo Bruni and the Uses of the Past. This led to more-reliable editions of the Bible and better Latin translations, but also to sharp conflicts with conservative theologians who clung to medieval Scholastic methodology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1969. Erasmo in Italia, 15201580. Scott, Izora. Although an avowed pacifist, Erasmus participated in every major intellectual and religious controversy in Europe from 1500 until his death. Thomas More: A Biography. London: Warburg Institute, 19631997. The Northern RenaissanceSpread of Humanism.In the final quarter of the fifteenth century humanism's influence began to spread beyond Italy, into France, Germany, Spain, the Netherlands, and England. Originally published in 1910. Demonstrates that they came from the elite ranks of Florentine society, and notes the congruence between their social positions and some of the values of civic humanism.