old man and the sea religious quotes

Although he cannot bring the fish back to shore, the old mans journey is a triumph of the human spirit. 98 lessons Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. ", 29. Manolin, the boy who once worked with him on his boat, offered to buy Santiago four sardines to use as bait, but Santiago's pride does not allow him to accept more than one. It seems to exist primarily at a cultural level since none of the characters in the novel other than Santiago's deceased wife are particularly religious. Then the fish came alive, with his death in him, and rose high out of the water showing all his great length and width and all his power and his beauty. After a huge storm took out the other boats, Forrest and the lieutenant become wealthy shrimp boat captains. It is enough to live on the sea and kill our true brothers. "Fish that you were. The marlin, too, represents that communion, especially given Santiago's thoughts on the worthiness of the people to eat him. "I'll kill him though,in all his greatness and his glory. Santiago has gone through a long streak of not catching any fish and has lost his helper because of it. Or is it more?'' But since I am not, I do not care., He did not say that because he knew that if you said a good thing it might not happen., ~Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea, Page 43, He rested sitting on the un-stepped mast and sail and tried not to think but only to endure., ~Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea, Page 46, No one should be alone in their old age, he thought., ~Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea, Page 48, He remembered the time he had hooked one of a pair of marlin. The moon affects her as it does a woman, he thought. flashcard set. Think of what you can do with what there is. "I told the boy I was a strange old man now is when I must prove it. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. Create an account to start this course today. But imagine if a man each day should have to try to kill the sun? While waiting for the fish to come close enough to harpoon, Santiago ponders about what sin is and whether or not it is okay to kill the fish. Hemingway writes, 'How many people will he feed, he thought. After eighty-four straight days of not catching any fish, Santiago has lost the boy who was helping him and is being made fun of by the other fishermen.. Here is a compilation of the best 'Old Man And The Sea' quotes including some quotations about defeat. He was too simple to wonder when he had attained humility. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. But I would rather be exact. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. The youth of his past only exists in the memories he clings to. "Why did they make birds so delicate and fine as those sea swallows when the ocean can be so cruel? ", 38. Well send you tons of inspiration to help you find a hidden gem in your local area or plan a big day out. The sea is dangerous, with its sharks and potentially treacherous . He saw the white naked line of his backbone and the dark mass of the head. Without Santiago's brief comments and actions, the symbolism in this novel would be difficult to spot. "What's that" she asked a waiter and pointed to the long backbone of the great fish that was now just garbage waiting to go out with the tide. Then when luck comes you are ready., Let him think that I am more man than I am and I will be so., Why do old men wake so early? He is determined to be "worthy of the great DiMaggio," who is able to play baseball even with a bone spur. 22. He never dreamed about the boy. The old man has said that he knows fishermen who are better than himself, but Manolin points out that Santiago stands alone among fishermen. The next day, all the fishermen headed out ''for the part of the ocean where he hoped to find fish.'' Santiago has a great deal of respect for the creatures of the sea but enjoys the kill. It is good that we do not have to try to kill the sun or the moon or the stars. We will always aim to give you accurate information at the date of publication - however, information does change, so its important you do your own research, double-check and make the decision that is right for your family. There are enough problems now without sin. The Old Man and the Sea Symbols | LitCharts "How do you feel, hand?Ill eat some more for you. Copyright 1999 - 2023 GradeSaver LLC. What Do the Sharks Symbolize in The Old Man and the Sea? Think of the great DiMaggio., ~Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea, Page 17, I think perhaps I can too. But I will kill you dead before this day ends. All that Santiago is as a man is wrapped up in his task of killing the marlin and bringing it home. "If you love him, it is not a sin to kill him. 26. chapter, A marlin is a type of swordfish that weighs more than 1000 lbs. But he knew he had attained it and he knew it was not disgraceful and it carried no loss of true pride. He only dreamed of places now and of the lions on the beach. "But man is not made for defeatA man can be defeated but not destroyed". Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. Instant downloads of all 1748 LitChart PDFs You killed him for pride and because you are a fisherman. The moon affects her as it does a woman, he thought., ~Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea, Pages 29, 30, Every day is a new day. But she can be so cruel and it comes so suddenly and such birds that fly, dipping and hunting, with their small sad voices are made too delicately for the sea., ~Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea, Page 29, Why did they make birds so delicate and fine as those sea swallows when the ocean can be so cruel?, He always thought of the sea as la mar which is what people call her in Spanish when they love her. The Old Man and the Sea Quotes by Ernest Hemingway - Goodreads Struggling with distance learning? Why did they make birds so delicate and fine as those sea swallows when the ocean can be so cruel? The Old Man and the Sea: Mini Essays | SparkNotes ", 22. Is it to have one longer day? "Imagine if each day a man must try to kill the moon", 49. Santiago headed further out than most. Learn about the symbolism of Santiago's hands, the marlin, and the mast. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Naipaul: Summary & Analysis, Theme of Endurance in The Old Man and the Sea, Why is The Old Man and the Sea a Classic? The best quotes from The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway - organized by theme, including book location and character - with an explanation to help you understand! Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. This is not a reference to cannibalism; instead it compares the marlin, the fish who will feed people, to Christ who feeds his follower symbolically through Communion. flashcard set. Need analysis for a quote we don't cover? Complete your free account to access notes and highlights. Instant PDF downloads. But she cannot understand so she thinks he means that the skeleton is that of a shark that itself had been eaten. 90 To Kill A Mockingbird Quotes With Page Numbers. Santiago's hands become a religious symbol in two ways. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. 50 The Old Man and the Sea Quotes With Page Numbers A man can be destroyed but not defeated." 10 chapters | Produced by Rikki Novetsky , Nina Feldman , Asthaa Chaturvedi and Eric Krupke. Santiago Character Analysis in The Old Man and the Sea - LitCharts ", 30. Religious Symbolism in The Old Man and the Sea - Study.com 16. | 1 You have subscribed to: Remember that you can always manage your preferences or unsubscribe through the link at the foot of each newsletter. Santiago is a mentor to the boy, who cherishes the old man and the life lessons he imparts. Specifically, he prays what is called the Our Father and the Hail Mary, which are different types of formulaic or memorized prayers. However, it doesn't seem to have a strict or universally devout religious culture. He simply woke, looked out the open door at the moon and unrolled his trousers and put them on., ~Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea, Page 25, She is kind and very beautiful. The sea is the sea. ", 45. He talks to the fish as if it is his equal in battle, and he has great respect for it as a noble creature. It is better to be lucky. He prays ten of each and also prays for his marlin because he's sorry to have to kill it. The Old Man and the Sea Quotes: An Analysis of Important Quotes from The Old Man and the Sea study guide contains a biography of Ernest Hemingway, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. Again, like almost every other aspect of religious symbolism in the book, Santiago is responsible for pointing it out to the reader. "A man can be destroyed but not defeated." PDF downloads of all 1748 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. Song of Solomon 8:6-7: Set me as a seal upon your heart, as a seal upon your arm, for love is strong as death, jealousy is fierce as the grave. The marlin comes out of the water quickly and descends into the water again. If you enjoy this article, be sure to check out similar articles that you'll like sun as 'The Sun Also Rises' quotes and 'Moby Dick' quotes. The book is narrated through the words of an aging fisherman and is one of the greatest works ever written by Ernest Hemingway. "There has never been such a fish. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. It helped me pass my exam and the test questions are very similar to the practice quizzes on Study.com. ", 33. The male fish always let the female fish feed first and the hooked fish, the female, made a wild, panic-stricken, despairing fight that soon exhausted her, and all the time the male had stayed with her, crossing the line and circling with her on the surface. Explore books by genre, topic, reading level, or series to find your next read. Ernest Hemingway, "But I think the Great DiMaggio would be proud of me today.". At the end of the story, a female tourist sees the skeleton of the marlin lashed to the side of the skiff on the beach. ", 10. The shark are all sharks no better and no worse. Thematic Quotes from The Old Man and the Sea, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, The Old Man and the Sea Literary & Historical Context, The Old Man and the Sea Literary Analysis, Literary Devices in The Old Man and the Sea, Quotes About Pride in The Old Man and the Sea, Quotes About Defeat in The Old Man and the Sea, Quotes about Struggle & Suffering in The Old Man and the Sea, The Old Man and the Sea Perseverance & Endurance Quotes, Quotes about Motivation in The Old Man and the Sea, Quotes about Heroism in The Old Man and the Sea, Quotes about Courage in The Old Man and the Sea, Quotes about Honor in The Old Man and the Sea, Quotes about Strength in The Old Man and the Sea, Religious Quotes in The Old Man and the Sea, Conflict Quotes in The Old Man and the Sea, Isolation Quotes in The Old Man and the Sea, Quotes about Nature in The Old Man and the Sea, Quotes about Friendship in The Old Man and the Sea, Character Quotes from The Old Man and the Sea, Common Core ELA - Literature Grades 9-10: Standards, EPT: CSU English Language Arts Placement Exam, 12th Grade English: Homework Help Resource, AP English Language: Homework Help Resource, Common Core ELA - Writing Grades 9-10: Standards, Common Core ELA - Language Grades 9-10: Standards, Common Core ELA - Literature Grades 11-12: Standards, Common Core ELA - Writing Grades 11-12: Standards, Common Core ELA - Language Grades 11-12: Standards, Common Core ELA - Speaking and Listening Grades 9-10: Standards, Common Core ELA - Speaking and Listening Grades 11-12: Standards, Study.com ACT® Test Prep: Practice & Study Guide, The Old Man & The Sea by Ernest Hemingway: Summary, Symbolism & Themes, The Old Man and the Sea: Summary, Characters & Themes, Ernest Hemingway's Writing Style in The Old Man and the Sea, The Old Man and the Sea: Santiago & Manolin Relationship, Santiago's Dreams in The Old Man and the Sea: Symbolism & Examples, Theme of Friendship in The Old Man and the Sea, Symbolism of the Marlin in The Old Man and the Sea, Santiago as a Christ Figure in The Old Man and the Sea, The Old Man and the Sea as Christian Allegory, Themes of Struggle & Suffering in The Old Man and the Sea, Setting of The Old Man and the Sea: Description & Importance, Significance of the Title of The Old Man and the Sea, The Old Man and the Sea Ending: Meaning, Explanation & Analysis, Narrative Point of View in The Old Man and the Sea, Figurative Language in The Old Man and the Sea, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. ", He stopped for a moment and looked back and saw in the reflection from the street light the great tail of the fish standing up well behind the skiff's stern. If you love him, it is not a sin to kill him. Record what books your kids are reading. However, in the aftermath of the kill, a group of sharks fall in the line with his boat and strip the marlin to its bone. All rights reserved. "Fish,Ill stay with you until I am dead. But the porpoises come as a couple, as a representation of love and to give Santiago strength. "My students can't get enough of your charts and their results have gone through the roof." Then he fell into the water with a crash that sent spray over the old man and over all of the skiff. Please note that Kidadl is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon. Then when luck comes you are ready. But, thank God, they are not as intelligent as we who kill them; although they are more noble and more able.". Then go in and take your chance like any man or bird or fish., ~Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea, Page 55, Be patient, hand, he said. Religion plays a quiet but noteworthy role in the narrative of 'The Old Man and the Sea.' "You did not kill the fish only to keep alive and to sell for food", 52. Some of the younger fishermen, those who used buoys as floats for their lines and had motorboats, bought when the shark livers had brought much money, spoke of her as el mar which is masculine.They spoke of her as a contestant or a place or even an enemy. Now we are joined together and have been since noon. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 88,000 You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. Create a book wishlist and and share it with family and friends. 98 lessons Ernest Hemingway, "The old man opened his eyes and for a moment he was coming back from a long way away. Because investing in your health pays lifelong dividends. But I must kill him. A second connection is the idea of both David and Santiago using primitive weapons. 20 of the best book quotes from The Old Man and the Sea, But man is not made for defeat. It is more difficult to be a fisherman when it is cold outside, but Santiago is up for the challenge. You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. (including. As he is fighting them off, he thinks, ''I have all those prayers I promised if I caught the fish, he thought. Literally it refers to the ease of fishing in May. Validate reading with our Dynamic Quiz System. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. flashcard set. Santiago vows to kill the marlin before the end of the day, then thinks, ''Let us hope so, '' It takes several days before Santiago is able to bring the marlin in close enough to harpoon. He cuts his hand and thinks about how Joe DiMaggio keeps playing despite the handicap of a bone spur; this gives him the strength to catch the fish. List of 1,000+ Positive Words to Write the Life You Want, How to Regrow Telomeres | The Latest Findings, 47 Paulo Coelho The Alchemist Quotes With Page Numbers. They play and make jokes and love one another. But the old man always thought of her as feminine and as something that gave or withheld great favors, and if she did wild or wicked things it was because she could not help them. 15. Besides I believe it is a sin. He seemed to hang in the air above the old man in the skiff. The plot revolves around Santiago, an aging fisherman who ventures out alone on the ocean, and after days and days without catching a fish, he manages to land the biggest catch of his life. They played like young cats in the dusk and he loved them as he loved the boy. He speaks of his commitment to fulfilling his job as a fisherman, because it is more than a job - it is his entire life. ", 2. "Now we are joined together and have been since noon. The fisherman sets out in the gulf to fish using his limited strength and eventually manages to kill the marlin. The Old Man and the Sea Quotes 20 of the best book quotes from The Old Man and the Sea 01 Share "But man is not made for defeat. PDFs of modern translations of every Shakespeare play and poem. All my life the early sun has hurt my eyes. Then when luck comes you are ready." Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea 2685 likes Like "But man is not made for defeat," he said. This quotation demonstrates the unique quality that makes a man a fisherman; in the days that follow, Santiago will struggle with his decision to make his living catching and killing fish, but there is nothing else he can do. Struggling with distance learning? I am glad we do not have to try to kill the stars.". An error occurred trying to load this video. Santiago says this to the fish before the bird approaches his boat for a chat. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. Ill stay with you until I am dead., He always thought of the sea as la mar which is what people call her in Spanish when they love her. It seems to. Manolin says this to Santiago after Santiago has returned home, having lost the fish and slept through the night. First, the wounds Santiago suffers on his palms are an obvious connection to Christ, especially his crucifixion. You loved him when he was alive and you loved him after. Or is it more?, Besides, he thought, everything kills everything else in some way. But I will kill you dead before this day ends.". More importantly, Santiago resembles Christ in that, like Christ, he transforms loss into triumph, faces the inevitability of death without complaint and, in doing so, transcends it. "There are many good fishermen and some great ones. You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. 15. But the old man always thought of her as feminine and as something that gave or withheld great favours, and if she did wild or wicked things it was because she could not help them. ", 51. ", 24. ", 35. I ruined us both. The book was the last major writing published during the lifetime of Ernest Hemingway. The Old Man and the Sea, tells the story of an aging Cuban fisherman who persists in going to sea to fish despite his advanced age and failing health. In this lesson, we learned that Roman Catholicism is the main religion in Cuba. Check your inbox for your latest news from us. Santiago says this to Manolin during their conversation in his shack. Resting Heart Rate Chart | What is a Good, Normal, or High RHR, 50 It Ends With Us Quotes With Page Numbers By Colleen Hoover, 50 The Summer I Turned Pretty Quotes With Page Numbers. He started to climb again and at the top he fell and lay for some time with the mast across his shoulder. Complete your free account to request a guide. But I would rather be exact. "There are many good fishermen and some great ones. Santiago's House in The Old Man and the Sea, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, The Old Man and the Sea Literary & Historical Context, The Old Man and the Sea Literary Analysis, Literary Devices in The Old Man and the Sea, Lion in The Old Man and the Sea: Symbolism & Meaning. ", 56. In The Old Man and the Sea David is represented by Santiago both by his ability to kill the stories equivalent to Goliath, the marlin, but also his childlike eyes. But I must kill him. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class., Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. Similarly, Santiago, the elderly fisherman, turns to God for help while fishing alone after a long streak of bad luck. PDF downloads of all 1748 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. ", 54. Santiago is humble in his dealings with others, yet takes great pride in his work and himself, and is frustrated and embarrassed by his failures. A man can be destroyed but not defeated. 50+ 'The Old Man And The Sea' Quotes By Ernest Hemingway You did not kill the fish only to keep alive and to sell for food, he thought. We assign a color and icon like this one. The mast in The Old Man and the Sea, despite its appearance as a cross, doesn't imply religious symbolism simply because of its appearance. This is certainly not because of luck - it has been a long time since he has caught any fish - but because of the relationship he has with the sea; one of respect and unity. [2] In 1953, The Old Man and the Sea was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, and it was cited by the Nobel Committee as contributing to their awarding of the Nobel Prize in Literature to Hemingway in 1954. "Dentuso, he thought. The Marlin The marlin isn't the only form of symbolism for Christ in the novel, but it does connect Santiago's hands to religious symbolism. Subscribe for virtual tools, STEM-inspired play, Tools to track, assess, and motivate classroom reading. It is better to be lucky. This will kill him, the old man thought. ", 42. Ernest Hemingway beautifully puts into words an old man's "must kill" attitude coupled with pride and his need to fish. Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. "No one should be alone in their old agebut it is unavoidable. Get personalized recommendations. LitCharts Teacher Editions. Also I have no understanding of it., ~Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea, Page 105, You did not kill the fish only to keep alive and to sell for food, he thought. A motif is a literary device (such as imagery, symbolism, etc.) After killing the marlin, Santiago has to fight sharks off of it. The Old Man and the Sea By: Ernest Hemingway Simon & Schuster / 1995 / Paperback 5 out of 5 stars for The Old Man and the Sea ( 2 Reviews) Write a Review In Stock Stock No: WW801221 If you love him, it is not a sin to kill him. 8K views Prayers When all else fails - pray. At Kidadl we pride ourselves on offering families original ideas to make the most of time spent together at home or out and about, wherever you are in the world. Day One Day Two Day Three Day Four Day Five Full Book Analysis Key Facts Character List Santiago Manolin Literary Devices Symbols Essays Mini Essays What is the role of the sea in The Old Man and the Sea? Christian Symbolism in the Old Man and the Sea - StudyMode If he does not do that maybe he will come up with the sunrise. From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. [2] Plot summary Santiago is an aging, experienced fisherman who has gone eighty-four days without catching a fish. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1748 titles we cover. Thematic Quotes from The Old Man and the Sea, Conflict Quotes in The Old Man and the Sea, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, The Old Man and the Sea Literary & Historical Context, The Old Man and the Sea Literary Analysis, Literary Devices in The Old Man and the Sea, Quotes About Pride in The Old Man and the Sea, Quotes About Defeat in The Old Man and the Sea, Quotes about Struggle & Suffering in The Old Man and the Sea, The Old Man and the Sea Perseverance & Endurance Quotes, Quotes about Motivation in The Old Man and the Sea, Quotes about Heroism in The Old Man and the Sea, Quotes about Courage in The Old Man and the Sea, Quotes about Honor in The Old Man and the Sea, Quotes about Strength in The Old Man and the Sea, Religious Quotes in The Old Man and the Sea, Isolation Quotes in The Old Man and the Sea, Quotes about Nature in The Old Man and the Sea, Quotes about Friendship in The Old Man and the Sea, Character Quotes from The Old Man and the Sea, Common Core ELA - Literature Grades 9-10: Standards, EPT: CSU English Language Arts Placement Exam, 12th Grade English: Homework Help Resource, AP English Language: Homework Help Resource, Common Core ELA - Writing Grades 9-10: Standards, Common Core ELA - Language Grades 9-10: Standards, Common Core ELA - Literature Grades 11-12: Standards, Common Core ELA - Writing Grades 11-12: Standards, Common Core ELA - Language Grades 11-12: Standards, Common Core ELA - Speaking and Listening Grades 9-10: Standards, Common Core ELA - Speaking and Listening Grades 11-12: Standards, Study.com ACT® Test Prep: Practice & Study Guide, The Old Man & The Sea by Ernest Hemingway: Summary, Symbolism & Themes, The Old Man and the Sea: Summary, Characters & Themes, Ernest Hemingway's Writing Style in The Old Man and the Sea, The Old Man and the Sea: Santiago & Manolin Relationship, Santiago's Dreams in The Old Man and the Sea: Symbolism & Examples, Theme of Friendship in The Old Man and the Sea, Symbolism of the Marlin in The Old Man and the Sea, Santiago as a Christ Figure in The Old Man and the Sea, The Old Man and the Sea as Christian Allegory, Themes of Struggle & Suffering in The Old Man and the Sea, Setting of The Old Man and the Sea: Description & Importance, Significance of the Title of The Old Man and the Sea, The Old Man and the Sea Ending: Meaning, Explanation & Analysis, Narrative Point of View in The Old Man and the Sea, Figurative Language in The Old Man and the Sea, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. Those were two fine fish you took yesterday too.". We hope you love our recommendations for products and services! The family of his apprentice, Manolin, has forced the boy to leave the old fisherman, though Manolin continues to support him with food and bait. He continued to fight off sharks throughout the night but ends up losing all of the meat from the fish to them. Symbolically, it represents fishing in the spring of life. Also I have no understanding of it. The Old Man and the Sea essays are academic essays for citation. The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. Next, Santiago prays, ''God let him jump.'' All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Is it to have one longer day?, ~Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea, Page 24, He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of women, nor of great occurrences, nor of great fish, nor fights, nor contests of strength, nor of his wife. flashcard set. (2.80) The fish possesses a determination equal in magnitude to Santiago's. It is a treachery of ones own body., ~Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea, Pages 61, 62, But, thank God, [the fish] are not as intelligent as we who kill them; although they are more noble and more able., ~Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea, Page 63, Let him think that I am more man than I am and I will be so., ~Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea, Page 64, Now he was proving it again. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. The Old Man and the Sea as Christian Allegory - Study.com 1. "Fish, you are going to have to die anyway. He is too tired to pray. Every day is a new day. Refine any search. It is meant as an explanation for how his eyes remain so good after going turtle-ing for so many years (apparently, turtle-ing damages the eyes). copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. Similar to how Santiago's comments directed the reader toward the symbolism of his cramped hand, his comments also reveal the marlin as a symbol of Christ. In his novel ''The Old Man and the Sea,'' Ernest Hemingway used Santiago to bring religious symbolism to light. I highly recommend you use this site! The Old Man and the Sea: Characters Description, analysis, and timelines for The Old Man and the Sea 's characters. Religion in The Old Man and the Sea | Study.com After eighty-four straight days of not catching any fish, Santiago has lost the boy who was helping him and is being made fun of by the other fishermen. The Old Man and the Sea, by Ernest Hemingway, is an excellent example of the author's use of symbolic representation. Weinbloom, Elizabeth ed.
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