The same census shows that Russians comprised 58.32% of the population, Ukrainians 24.32%, Crimean Tartars 12.1%, Byelorussians 1.4%, Tartars 0.54%, Armenians 0.43%, Jews 0.22%, Greeks 0.15%. The Crimean issue should be resolved politically under a framework of law and order. In 2017 the Russian government also began modernising the Simferopol International Airport,[55] which opened its new terminal in April 2018. Consequently, many died in transit, although later they could not be seriously blamed for Nazi crimes in the region. Amnesty International and Front Line Defenders demand his immediate release.[126][127]. Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Kyiv International Institute of Sociology, Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, Constitution of the Republic of Crimea in 1992, Constitution of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Eurasian Observatory for Democracy & Elections, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Albania, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3314, Treaty on Accession of the Republic of Crimea to Russia, 2022 annexation referendums in Russian-occupied Ukraine, 1991 Transcarpathian general regional referendum, "Crimea referendum: Voters 'back Russia union', "Disputed Crimea Referendum Sees 96.8 Percent Vote to Join Russia", "Putin reveals secrets of Russia's Crimea takeover plot", Putin Admits Russian Forces Were Deployed to Crimea, "Tatar leader: referendum's results 'predetermined', "In Crimea's sham referendum, all questions lead to 'yes', "2 Choices in Crimea Referendum, but Neither Is 'No', "Crimeans vote peacefully in referendum, but have little choice", Crimean parliament formally applies to join Russia, "Executive Order on recognising Republic of Crimea", "U.S., EU set sanctions as Putin recognizes Crimea "sovereignty", "Putin Recognizes Crimea Secession, Defying the West", "The Crimea Crisis An International Law Perspective", The Crimea Crisis An International Law Perspective, "U.N. General Assembly Affirms Ukraine's Territorial Integrity, Calls The World Community Not To Recognise Change Of Crimea's Status", "Security Council Fails to Adopt Text Urging Member States Not to Recognize Planned 16 March Referendum in Ukraine's Crimea Region", "Russia Vetoes U.N. Security Council Resolution On Crimea", "Fear and Loathing Builds in Crimea Ahead of Vote", "Map: Russian language dominant in Crimea", " " ", "Crimean autonomy: A viable alternative to war? Only 1.7% of ethnic Russians and 14.5% of ethnic Ukrainians living in . [c] The referendum rules did not state if there was a threshold number of votes needed for the result to be enacted. The source of power in the Crimean Republic is its people, which constitutes to the multinational nation of the Russian Federation. The VTsIOM survey asked how people would vote if the same referendum on Crimea's identity that was held in March 2014 were held again at the present time (February 2015). Andriy Krysko, head of the Crimean branch of the Voters Committee of Ukraine, announced that no one from the parliament secretariat was in the building when voting took place. [232], Distribution of ethnicities in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (which doesn't include Sevastopol) according to, Morello; Constable; Faiola (2014) "[Mikhail Malyshev, the Crimean election Spokesman,] who spoke briefly Monday morning on Crimean television, said a total of 1,274,096 people voted, for an 83.1 percent turnout. [68], By July 2015, 20,000 Crimeans had renounced their Ukrainian citizenship. [86] According to Russian statistics by March 2015 the inflation in Crimea was 80%. Some tourists went home after an airbase attack in August 2022. [221] On March 18, the Russian, Crimean, and Sevastopolian leadership signed the Treaty on Accession of the Republic of Crimea to Russia,[222] which was ratified by the Russian Federal Assembly on March 21. The Sevastopol City Council, however, requested the port's separate admission as a federal city. Under the Soviet regime many Volksdeutsche were persecuted by gangs of Russian peasants as landowning Kulaks or class enemy bourgeoisie. The survey also found that 58% of Crimean Tatars now supported Crimea's accession to Russia, as opposed to 39% in 2014. [36], From March 12 14, 2014, Germany's largest pollster, the GfK Group, conducted a survey with 600 respondents and found that 70.6% of Crimeans intended to vote for joining Russia, 10.8% for restoring the 1992 constitution, and 5.6% did not intend to take part in the referendum. [4] During the war in Donbas, the Ukrainian government lost control of portions of the Donbas region. Few in number but still visible in their culture are Karaites and Kymchaks. For ancient Germanic population of Crimea, see, Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, On the Rehabilitation of Repressed Peoples, History of Germans in Russia and the Soviet Union, , , , , - , 12.09.2015 . [83] Shortly after the referendum was called, Ukrainian TV channels were made unavailable for Crimean viewers, some of them were replaced with Russian stations. In 2014 Russia covertly invaded and illegally annexed Crimea, a move that was denounced by the international community. [107] OSCE military observers attempted to enter the region four times but were turned away, sometimes after warning shots were fired,[108][109] which was another reason given[by whom?] [56][121][122], In February 2016 human rights defender Emir-Usein Kuku from Crimea was arrested and accused of belonging to the Islamist organization Hizb ut-Tahrir although he denies any involvement in this organization. Under armed occupation, the Crimean regional government was dissolved and reconstituted under Russian supervision, and voted to hold a referendum on the status of Crimea on May 25. Russia occupied and annexed the peninsula in 2014, although the annexation remains internationally unrecognized. Heavier industry is concentrated in the city of Kerch, traditionally a centre of large-scale iron ore mining. [101], In 2014 about two million tourists holidayed in Crimea, including 300,000 Ukrainians. [60] In 2022, Russia conquered portions of Kherson Oblast, which allowed it to unblock the North Crimean canal by force, resuming water supply into Crimea. | 2014", "Census of the population is transferred to 2016", " - 3% , ", In Crimea, Ukrainian schools left "Minister of Education", Two Years After Annexation, Crimeans Wait On Russia's Unfulfilled Promises, "Public Opinion Survey Residents of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea", "Situation of human rights in the temporarily occupied Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol, Ukraine (Report of the Secretary-General)", "Situation of human rights in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol, Ukraine (Report of the Secretary-General)", Dreams in Isolation: Crimea 2 Years After Annexation, "Crimea One Year After Russia Referendum Is Isolated From World", " : ", Russia Delivers a New Shock to Crimean Business: Forced Nationalization, "Kolomoyskyi's assets to be nationalized in Crimea (Sergey Aksyonov)", Ukrainian tycoons estate in Crimea sold for $18 mln, Crimeas rapid Russification means pride for some but perplexity for others, "The Moscow Times News, Business, Culture & Events", Six More Ukrainian Banks Expelled from Crimea, Months After Russian Annexation, Crimeans Ask: 'Where Is Our Money? [56][57] On March 6, the Supreme Council changed the date of the referendum from March 30 to 16 and changed the choice for the referendum from greater autonomy to accession to the Russian Federation. [72] The link has been open for road traffic since 2018, and for rail traffic since 2019 (passenger) and 2020 (freight). This range drops steeply to the sea, where there is a narrow coastal plain broken by cliffs and headlands. [citation needed], On 1 June 2014, Crimea officially switched over to the Russian ruble as its only form of legal tender. Vietnam The Spokesman of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Nagorno-Karabakh Foreign Ministry of the NKR said in a statement on March 17 that the referendum is "yet another manifestation of realization of the right of people to self-determination. While the Mejlis represents only around 20 percent of the minority, they claim to be the voice of the whole Tatar population. [9][74][75][76][77], The ballot was printed in three languages: Russian, Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar (in the Cyrillic script).[78]. Therefore, when Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, a decision was made by Stalin to evacuate all ethnic Germans from the Western Regions of the Soviet Union. According to his discussions with people, even the Tatars inclined towards Russia. Geography Syvash The peninsula is connected on the northwest to the mainland by the Perekop Isthmus, a 5-mile- (8-km-) wide strip of land that has been the site of numerous battles for the control of Crimea. [223] A transition period was in force for integrating Crimean governmental institutions, ending on January 1, 2015. [119] According to the report, 15 persons went missing since March 2014; according to Ukrainian authorities 21 people disappeared. [91][92], By late October 2014 90% of the heads of Crimean government-owned corporation were fired as part of a supposed anti-corruption campaign, although no charges have been filed against anyone. [15] It is not recognized by most countries,[16] usually because of the presence of Russian forces. [9] The decree addressed the status of the mentioned peoples which resided in Crimean ASSR and were deported from there. [102][103][104], On March 10, 2014 the de facto Prime Minister of Crimea, Sergey Aksyonov, made an unofficial verbal invitation to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) to monitor the plebiscite. For the past 30 years Koreans have been immigrating to the peninsula and are often seen in markets. [70][71] The original 1992 constitution was adopted together with a declaration of independence, but parliament then amended the constitution one day later to affirm that Crimea "was a part of Ukraine". The same survey reported 93% of Crimeans viewed Crimea's "reunification" with Russia in a positive light, while 3% viewed it in a negative light. ", "Parliament challenges mapmakers to mark Crimea Russian territory", "Statement by the DWG on edit conflicts in Crimea", "Ukraine investigates Coca Cola and Pepsi", "Ukraine's France ambassador slams atlas for placing Crimea in Russia", "Official position of Larousse on Crimea", Lattivismo militare della Russia nel 2015, Perch Limes rappresenta la Crimea sotto la sovranit della Russia, "Apple changes Crimea map to meet Russian demands", A treaty of accession of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol to the Russian Federation. An attack before dawn damaged part of a bridge linking Russia to Moscow-annexed Crimea that is a key supply route for Kremlin forces in the war with Ukraine, The bridge connecting Crimea and Russia carries heavy significance for Moscow, both logistically and psychologically, as a key artery for military and civilian supplies and as an assertion of Kremlin control of the peninsula it illegally annexed in 2014, Russian-installed authorities in the Crimean peninsula have reported shooting down a cruise missile near the city of Kerch and briefly suspending traffic on the Kerch bridge that links the annexed territory to Russia, Ukraines counterintelligence service has arrested a man it accuses of helping Russia direct a missile strike at a popular pizza restaurant, Russia-appointed officials in Moscow-annexed Crimea say that a bridge between the Black Sea peninsula and Russia-occupied areas in southern Ukraine has been hit by Ukrainian missiles. Krym Info", " . ", "Law, Rhetoric, Strategy: Russia and Self-Determination Before and After Crimea", "Crimea referendum: Voters 'back Russia union', "Crimeans vote over 90 percent to quit Ukraine for Russia", "Crimea 'votes to rejoin Russia' after controversial poll", "Crimea applies to be part of Russian Federation after vote to leave Ukraine", "Five years after Crimea's illegal annexation, the issue is no closer to resolution", "UN General Assembly: Crimea Referendum Was Illegal", "Ukraine crisis: 'Illegal' Crimean referendum condemned", "Why the Crimean Referendum Is Illegitimate", "Japan does not recognise Crimea vote govt spokesman", "Lawmakers in Crimea Move Swiftly to Split From Ukraine", " ", "Kremlin: Crimea and Sevastopol are now part of Russia, not Ukraine", "Ukraine says it is preparing to leave Crimea", "TASS: Russia Russian ruble goes into official circulation in Crimea as of Monday", "Ukraine crisis: Crimea celebrates switch to Moscow time", "Moscow Sent Diplomatic Note to Ukraine on Terminating Black Sea Fleet Agreements", " ", "Crimean Parliament Approves New Constitution", "Russia Amends Constitution to Include Crimea, Sevastopol", "Crimea Adopts Ruble as Ukraine Continues Battling Rebels", Crimea switches to Russian telephone codes, "Putin Eliminates Ministry of Crimea, Region Fully Integrated into Russia, Russian Leaders Say", "Russian Security Council: Crimea is fully integrated in Russian legal, administrative systems", ", . [224], After the seizure of Ukrainian naval base at Feodosia on March 24, Russian troops have seized most of Ukraine's military bases in Crimea. Only 4 percent spoke out against it. "Stalin had no doubts about the loyalty of the ethnic German minority. [49][50], Russia has since the annexation supported large migration into Crimea, and the Office of the Federal State Statistics Service in Crimea and Sevastopol records as of 2021 since 2014 205,559 Russians have moved to Crimea. A strong supporter of the British heritage of freedom in his adoptive country, Rapp opposed the replacement of the Canadian Red Ensign with a new Maple leaf flag in 1964.[relevant?] [22], Crimea and Sevastopol are neighboring subdivisions of Ukraine located in the Crimean peninsula, a region with a long and complex history. [131] Another deputy Milan arapatka reported that the referendum was formally regular and that there was no evidence of pressure on voters. "I am a foreign citizen. We will defend the inviolability of the Ukrainian territory." According to the Russian occupation authorities, the best result in life expectancy the Republic of Crimea had in 2019, it reached 72.71 years. The constitution was published by the Krymskiye Izvestiya newspaper, becoming law on the publication date, the State Council of Crimea said. Details are vague but during the 19th century a "German hospital" and dispensary arose in the Simferopol suburb of Nowyj gorod (called Neustadt or new citynow this is Kyivskyi District of Simferopol). [44], In March 2019, Russian public opinion research centre, VTsIOM, published the results of a new survey of Crimea in which 89% of respondents said they would vote to "reunify" with Russia if a referendum on the matter were held next week. Razumkov characterized Crimeans' views as controversial and unsteady, and therefore vulnerable to internal and external influences. The Republic of Crimea continues to use the administrative divisions previously used by the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and is thus subdivided into 25 regions: 14 districts (raions) and 11 city municipalities (gorodskoj sovet or gorsovet), officially known as territories governed by city councils. Only 1.7% of ethnic Russians and 14.5% of ethnic Ukrainians living in Crimea thought that the referendum results didn't accurately reflect the views of the Crimean people. Durham and London: Duke Univesiry Press, 1998, p. 282. There are a number of stone quarries, especially for limestone and diorite. The Constitution consists of 10 chapters and 95 articles; its main regulations are analogous to the articles of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. [136] ITAR-TASS initially reported this as 1,724,563 voters in total,[137] but corrected it later. [114][115][116], According to Yale University historian Timothy Snyder, the Russian government invited individuals belonging to European far-right, anti-semitic and neo-Nazi parties to serve as observers. Voters were able to choose only one of these. [8][9][10], Following the referendum, the State Council of Crimea and Sevastopol City Council declared the independence of the Republic of Crimea from Ukraine and requested to join the Russian Federation. [18][19] A United Nations General Assembly resolution was later adopted, by a vote of 100 in favor vs. 11 against with 58 abstentions, which declared the referendum invalid and affirmed Ukraine's territorial integrity. The previous census was held more than decade ago in 2001, when Crimea was still controlled by Ukraine.[77]. Crimea is a popular tourist destination because it has a temperate climate. Crimean trolleybus line length of 86 kilometres (53mi) long of service Krymtrolleybus. [b][73], Many commentators, including The New York Times, Kyiv Post, and Fox News argued that both choices would result in de facto independence. Updates? [139][140][141], This article is about the disputed administrative division of Russia. They are reviving their horticulturist and shepherd culture held for centuries before they were expelled by Stalin. [117] They also reported that Crimeans who had not applied for Russian citizenship faced harassment and intimidation. for not dispatching referendum observers. In a Russian Empire census carried out in 1850, Crimean Tatars still made up the vast majority of Crimea's population at 77.8%, but by 1897, this figure was down to 35.5%. The text proclaims the Republic of Crimea is a democratic, legal state within the Russian Federation and an equal subject of the Russian Federation. This decision was made with 78 votes in favor and 8 abstentions. syv do rosiyi)", " (MZS Putin prodovgue dezinformuvaty ves' svit zarady vypravdannya svoyikh diyi)", "Russia Today presenter hits out at Moscow over Ukraine", "Exclusive: RT Anchor Liz Wahl Explains Why She Quit", "Leningrad Blockade Survivor Arrested, Fined For Anti-War Protest", "Khodorkovsky: Crimea should stay within Ukraine with broad autonomous status", "Crimean Tatar Leader Calls For UN Peacekeeping Troops", "50,000 rally in Moscow against Crimea intervention", "Russian news report: Putin approved Ukraine invasion before Kiev government collapsed", "Report to Allege Direct Kremlin Link to Ukraine Invasion", "World War 3: Vladimir Putin Plotted Ukraine Invasion Early As February 2014, New Report Says", " . [54] After 2014 the Russian government invested heavily in the peninsula's infrastructurerepairing roads, modernizing hospitals and building the Crimean Bridge that links the peninsula to the Russian mainland. Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan views the interim Ukrainian government as legitimate and has stated concern over the crisis, and condemns any activities aimed at destabilizing the situation in Ukraine. [18] The envisaged process was so designed to allow Russia to claim that "it did not annex Crimea from Ukraine, rather the Republic of Crimea exercised its sovereign powers in seeking a merge with Russia". [88] Since then the peninsula now has to import most of its food from Russia. [17] Thirteen members of the United Nations Security Council voted in favor of a resolution declaring the referendum invalid, but Russia vetoed it and China abstained. The procedure for holding the referendum was established by the temporary referendum regulations adopted by the Supreme Council of Crimea and the Sevastopol City Council. [43], In November 2017, German pollster ZOiS published the results of a survey which reported that 85.3% of Crimeans excluding Tatars, and 61.8% of Crimean Tatars excluding other Crimean demographics thought that Crimeans would either vote the same or that the majority would vote the same as they did in 2014 if the same referendum were held at the present time (November 2017). On Nov. 22, 2015, Crimea's electricity towers. [41], From January 16 22, 2015, Germany's GfK Group, with support from the Canada Fund for Local Initiatives, followed-up their pre-referendum survey of Crimeans' voting intention with a post-referendum survey about how satisfied Crimeans are with the outcome of their referendum. . Two people have died as a result of scuffles and stampede and about 30 were injured, before the head of the Mejlis, Refat Chubarov, called for the participants of the rally to go home peacefully. [citation needed] On the same day, a new revision of the Russian Constitution was officially published, with the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol included in the list of federal subjects of the Russian Federation. However over time only Sudak produced quality wine and the other settlements soon turned to agriculture. [80][81][82], The referendum was to be decided by a simple majority with the choice with the most votes declared winner. [49], The referendum was to be about the status of Crimea within Ukraine and was set for May 25, but later, on March 1, it was moved up to March 30. When the same question was asked of Crimean Tatars, excluding all other demographics in Crimea, 36.3% of respondents said that Crimea became a part of Russia as a result of the Euromaidan, 32.9% said it happened as a result of Kyiv's neglect of the region over many years, 24% of respondents said it happened as a result of Russia's action, and 7.8% said it happened because of the mobilization of the Crimean population. Crimea has undergone significant changes over the past six years. [11] [12] Its territory corresponds to the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, a subdivision of Ukraine. The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine will initiate dissolution of the parliament of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. [107] They stated in January 2016 (that in 2015) more than 4 million tourists had vacationed in the peninsula. Tags: ethnicity, history, population, society. [3], The referendum was held amidst Russia's annexation of Crimea. Even with these limitations, it was the most representative independent poll taken on the peninsula since its annexation. The enterprises which belonged to Russian citizens were nationalized against financial reimbursement, which was, however, much lower than the actual value; those which belonged to Ukrainian citizens, for example, PrivatBank owned by Ihor Kolomoyskyi or Ukrtelecom owned by Rinat Akhmetov, were expropriated without any reimbursement. Simferopol, 1997, p. 4. 2 1st grade classes of primary school have been opened. On 24 March, the Russian ruble went into official circulation with parallel circulation of the Ukrainian hryvnia permitted until 1 January 2016, however, taxes and fees were to be paid in rubles only, and the wages of employees at budget-receiving organisations were to be paid out in rubles as well. Their survey also reported that a majority of Crimean Tatars viewed Crimea's return to Russia as either the "Absolutely right decision" or the "Generally right decision". [25] Following the Tatar deportation, large numbers of ethnic Russians and ethnic Ukrainians settled in the region. Both of the ballot options for the March 16, 2014 Crimean referendum acknowledged that Crimea was already an independent state at that time,[95] despite the declaration of independence occurring without a national vote in Ukraine, as the constitutions required. Action to deport every ethnic German from the Crimea began on August 15. [73][bettersourceneeded] During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine it became an important logistical link for Russian forces. [47][48] Olha Sulnikova, head of information and analysis department of the Crimean parliament, reported on the phone from inside the parliamentary building that 61 of the registered 64 deputies had voted for the referendum resolution and 55 for the resolution to dismiss the government. 86% of respondents said they believed that Crimea is developing more successfully as under Russian control, while 72% said that the "reunification" had a positive effect on their lives and that of their families. The first planned settlements of Germans in Crimea were founded over 18051810 with the support of Czar Alexander I. There were two choices to choose from on the ballot. [56], Russia provides electricity to Crimea via a cable beneath the Kerch Strait. Fifty-one percent reported their well-being had improved in the past year. These chains of flat-topped limestone blocks, known as the Crimean Mountains, rise successively higher from the north to the south (with steep-faced southern slopes and gentler northern slopes), topping out at 5,069 feet (1,545 metres) at Mount Roman-Kosh. March 7, 2014 at 10:40 a.m. EST. Lithuania Lithuania supports and recognizes Ukraine's territorial integrity, including Crimea. ("On the Measures for the Rehabilitation of Armenian, Bulgarian, Greek, Crimean Tatar and German Peoples and the State Support of Their Revival and Development"),[8] amended by Decree no. Roman historian Pliny the Elder noted that in the second century BC the mountains of Tauris, the name of Crimea in the Middle Ages, was peacefully inhabited by 30 nations. It is often visited by Russians and Ukrainians. [109][bettersourceneeded] The reminders of those who captured and dominated the peninsula still survive. Tobacco is important, as are flowers for perfume. It added, "Russia's attempt to annex Crimea represents a blatant violation of the commitments it has undertaken both under multilateral and bilateral agreements. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [39], In May 2014, Washington, D.C., pollster Pew Research published results of a survey that encompassed Crimea, Ukraine, and Russia, in which it was reported that 88% of Crimeans believed the government of Kyiv should officially recognize the result of Crimea's referendum. It splashed lavishly on new highways and hospitals, power plants, transmission lines and subsidies for Crimea's rapidly swelling population of more than 2.5 million. [37], Gallup conducted an immediate post-referendum survey of Ukraine and Crimea and published their results in April 2014. [42], From February 9 18, 2015, Russian public opinion research centre, VTsIOM, carried out a door-to-door survey of 1,600 Crimean respondents. [57], On 28 December 2018, Russia completed a high-tech security fence marking the border between Crimea and Ukraine. Despite huge efforts on the part of Kiev, Brussels, Washington and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the bulk of humanity living on the Black Sea peninsula believe the. [79], The voting boxes were transparent and the ballots were not placed in envelopes in such a way as to make the marked ballots visible through the box walls.
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