His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe. [21]:125, General Roos and six battalions (one-third of the Swedish infantry) became isolated while attempting to take the third Russian redoubt. During his 186-day period of government, Peter III passed 220 new laws that he had developed and elaborated during his life as a crown prince. Peter III, Russian in full Pyotr Fyodorovich, original name Karl Peter Ulrich, Herzog von Holstein-Gottorp, (born February 21 [February 10, Old Style], 1728, Kiel, Holstein-Gottorp [Germany]died July 18 [July 7, Old Style], 1762, Ropsha, near St. Petersburg, Russia), emperor of Russia from January 5, 1762 (December 25, 1761, Old Style), to July. The Russo-Turkish wars (Russian: - ) or Russo-Ottoman wars (Turkish: Osmanl-Rus savalar) were a series of twelve wars fought between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire between the 16th and 20th centuries. Russia had been forced by the Crimean War to give up its ambitions of conquering the Ottoman capital of Constantinople and taking control of the Bosphorus. Second Northern War, also called Great Northern War, (1700-21), military conflict in which Russia, Denmark-Norway, and Saxony-Poland challenged the supremacy of Sweden in the Baltic area.The war resulted in the decline of Swedish influence and the emergence of Russia as a major power in that region.. Sweden's expansion in the Baltic Sea coastlands during the 16th and 17th centuries had . How did Catherine the Great come into power? [6][7][8], Official accounts: 1,345 killed, 3,290 wounded.[7][10]. Previously in 1742, the 14-year-old Peter was proclaimed King of Finland during the Russo-Swedish War (17411743), when Russian troops held Finland. At the end of the century from Russian perspective; Romania, Serbia and Montenegro and autonomy of Bulgaria was achieved. La Tempesta (1958) depicts Yemelyan Pugachev's effort to force his recognition as Peter III and offers a critical view of Catherine the Great, with Van Heflin in the role of Pugachev and Viveca Lindfors as Catherine. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Peter died in captivity soon after his overthrow, perhaps with Catherine's approval as part of the coup conspiracy. 7 years war catherine ii denmark-norway england peter iii russia sweden Replies: 26; Forum: . His hope became reality and in 1878 the Congress of Berlin was held where Germany promised to be an "honest broker" in the treaty's revision. In the Caucasus, the Turkish army held back the Russian offensive, but after the defeat at Aladzha, retreated to Erzurum, after which the Russians took Kars. Tucker, S.C., 2010, A Global Chronology of Conflict, Vol. Vladimir Putin has compared himself to the 18th-century Russian tsar Peter the Great, drawing a parallel between what he portrayed as their twin historic quests to win back Russian lands.. [13]:70708 Peter's force of 80,000 marched to relieve the siege. [21]:11819,127,132 Roos was forced to surrender his command[20]:290 at 9:30a.m.[21]:134. Sharpe, 1996. Peter, who was mentally feeble and extremely pro-Prussian, not only alienated the affections of his wife soon after their marriage but also failed to gain the favour of politically powerful court cliques. Russian Empire aspirations for a section of the empire and bases on Russia's southern flank provoked British fears over naval domination of the Mediterranean and control of the land route to the Indian Subcontinent. He was Czar of Russia during the mid 18th century, and only ruled for a mere six months before he was overthrown by his wife, Catherine the Great. Gothenburg Museum of Art (CC BY 3.0) This state of affairs was radically altered during the course of the Great Northern War of 1700-1721,. [8] In 167980, the Russians repelled the attacks of the Crimean Tatars and signed the Treaty of Bakhchisarai in 1681, which established the Russo-Turkish border on the Dnieper River.[9]. Click here to find out more. As a result of the Great Northern War (Treaty of Nystad, 1721), Sweden had lost Estonia, Livonia, Ingria, and part of Karelia Read More This week, we have yet another insane monarch for you, a monarch named Peter III. Peter III Fyodorovich (Russian: III , romanized:Pyotr III Fyodorovich; 21 February[O.S. Even in Great Britain William Ewart Gladstone published his account of Ottoman atrocities in his Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East. New York: M.E. About 2,000 sick and injured soldiers were standing in the Pushkarivka camp. 10 February] 1728 - 17 July [ O.S. However, the campaign was complicated by harsh weather conditions and by the Russians applying scorched earth tactics[13]:704 and surprise attacks, which forced Charles XII to interrupt his march on Moscow and instead march south to establish winter quarters in Ruthenia with the help of Ivan Mazepa, hetman of the Cossack Hetmanate Zaporizhian Host. Catherine later claimed that Paul was not fathered by Peter; that, in fact, they had never consummated the marriage. Things began to change after the Crimean War.[31]. [12], Peter was still asleep at Oranienbaum, the royal residence 20 miles (32km) west of St. Petersburg which had been his primary residence during his marriage, while Catherine gained support of the military with the help of Grigori Orlov and his four brothers. [13]:704, Charles ordered a final attack on the Russian heartland with a possible assault on Moscow from his campaign base in Poland. Frederick recaptured southern Silesia (October 1762) and subsequently forced Austria to the negotiating table. 1741-1743 In Treaty of bo peace settlement that concluded the Russo-Swedish War of 1741-43 by obliging Sweden to cede a strip of southern Finland to Russia and to become temporarily dependent on Russia. The use of explosive powder characterized the. There have been many attempts to revise the traditional characterization of Peter and his policies. He immediately switched sides in the war and withdrew his troops from Prussia, undoing hard-earned gains. Soon the Balkan rebellions were beginning to falter. In August 1741, he routed the enemy at the Battle of Villmanstrand, and exactly one year later his troops surrounded and forced the surrender of the main forces of the Swedish army at Helsingfors (Helsinki). During the Greek uprising, the Russian empire reached the Ottoman borders in the Caucasus, which were located in the southwest of the region, as well as northeastern Anatolia. [21]:83 Riding forward, Axel Gyllenkrok observed the Russians at work on the two nearest redoubts and rode back to inform Rehnskild. [13]:704 During the spring General Lewenhaupt in Courland had been ordered to gather supplies and march his army of about 12,000 men to join Charles' forces. That alarmed the Great Powers. He focused on making alliances with Sweden and with England to ensure that they would not interfere on Denmark's behalf, while Russian forces gathered at Kolberg in Russian-occupied Pomerania. Despite this, in the decisive campaign of 1811, the Russian army of Kutuzov defeated the Ottoman army on the Danube, which made it possible to conclude a peace treaty beneficial for Russia, according to which Russia get Bessarabia. The Russian fleet lost 35 ships and 7,000 killed and wounded. On August 21, 1745, he married Sophie Frederike Auguste, a princess of Anhalt-Zerbst (Germany), who took the name Catherine (Yekaterina Alekseyevna). Ziegler C. E. The History of Russia. At last, in 1721, Sweden was forced to sign the Treaty of Nystadt, under which it ceded to Russia the territories of Livonia (central and northern Latvia), Estland (Estonia), Ingria(todays Leningrad Oblast and the city of St. Petersburg)and south-eastern Finland. Peter III could barely speak Russian and pursued a strongly pro-Prussian policy, which made him an unpopular leader. In 1991 Reece Dinsdale portrayed him in the television series Young Catherine. Renamed Peter (Pyotr Fyodorovich), he was received into the Russian Orthodox Church (November 18 [November 7, Old Style], 1742) and proclaimed the heir to the Russian throne. Putin said that when Peter the Great, the first emperor of Russia, waged war against Sweden in the 1700s, he was not conquering but returning land that rightfully belonged to Russia. Henceforth, almost the entire territory of Finland came under Russian control. Despite fighting better than they ever had before, the advanced Ottoman armies still were not equal to the Russian forces. [15][16][17] It marked a turning point in the continuation of the war in favour of the anti-Swedish coalition, which as a result of the battle was revived and with renewed vigor attacked the weakened Swedish Empire on several fronts. On 30 November 1495, the Swedes used the powder to scare the approaching Russians from taking over the Castle.The Swedish throne finally fell to the Hans of Denmark, but a peace treaty between Sweden and Moscow in 1508 saw Sweden regain the throne. Reigned: 1762. This proclamation was based on his succession rights to territories held by his childless great-uncle, the late Charles XII of Sweden, who also had been Grand Duke of Finland. This state of affairs was radically altered during the course of the Great Northern War of 1700-1721, in which the Swedes locked horns with a coalition of Russia, Denmark, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Saxony. The future Peter III was born Karl Peter Ulrich in 1728, in Kiel, Germany. King Gustav III of Sweden and a Soldier. It was his aunt, Empress Elizabeth, that chose him as her successor. Having failed in its endeavor, Sweden gave up trying to force a renegotiation of the Treaty of Nystadt. At 09:45, Rehnskild ordered Lewenhaupt and the Swedish line to move forward, advancing towards the Russian line, which started firing its cannons at 500 meters. The Treaty of San Stefano gave Romania and Montenegro their independence, Serbia and Russia each received extra territory, Austria was given control over Bosnia, and Bulgaria was given almost complete autonomy. Nils Forsberg. The Russian public felt that at the end of Congress of Berlin thousands of Russian soldiers had died for nothing. During the early months of World War I, Kars was a key military objective for the Ottoman army. The German historian Elena Palmer goes even further, portraying Peter III as a cultured, open-minded emperor who tried to introduce various courageous, even democratic reforms in 18th-century Russia. 1:30. While annoyed at British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli, the Sultan had nothing but praise for Otto von Bismarck who forced many of the major concessions upon Russia. 28 June according to the then-used Swedish calendar; 27 June in the Julian calendar; 8 July in the Gregorian (modern) calendar. Soon Serbian armies also entered the war against the Turks. The population of much of the Balkans were Slavs, as were the Russians. King Gustav III of Sweden initiated the war for domestic political reasons, hoping to gain support from the opposition. In 1739, the Mnnich army crossed the Dnieper, defeated the Ottoman Empire at Stavuchany,[16] and occupied the fortress of Khotin and Iai. The most famous was the Cossack Yemelyan Pugachev, who led what came to be known as Pugachev's Rebellion in 1774, which was ultimately crushed by Catherine's forces. "Peter the Great waged the Great Northern War for 21 years. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). That same year in March, the Baku Commune was established in the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. The Lacy army (now 40,000 strong) marched into the Crimea the same month, inflicting a number of defeats on the army of the Crimean khan and capturing Karasubazar. [20]:288, By the spring of 1709, Charles' force had shrunk to half of its original size. The official cause, after an autopsy, was a severe attack of hemorrhoidal colic and an apoplectic stroke, while others say he was assassinated. The British may have saved the Ottoman Empire once again, but it ended the rosy relations between the two powers that had endured since the Crimean War. In 1734, at a meeting of the Secret Committee of the Riksdag (the national legislature), which handled foreign policy and defense, it was decided to do everything necessary to return Russia to her erstwhile borders. Active preparations for military action began four years later when hawks hungry for war with Russia came to power the so-called Hats faction, known because members wore the distinctive tricorne hat. The great powers of Europe intervened, and assisted Greece with its independence. These close Germano-Ottoman relations would persist until both empires' very end. [21]:60 Peter, in addition, ordered four more redoubts built so the entire system of ten forts would have a T shape, providing flanking fire to a Swedish advance. [23]:107, Charles and Mazepa escaped with about 1,500 men to Bendery, Moldavia, then controlled by the Ottoman Empire. The treaties had other diplomatically favourable aspects as they established a Russo-Iranian alliance against Turkey, as Persia was at war with the Ottoman Empire. This website uses cookies. Russia's invasion of Ukraine evoke memories of 20th . [20]:292 With the Russian line longer than the Swedish line, the Swedish infantry on the left flank lagged behind the right and finally threw down their weapons and fled. Capture of Azov by the troops of Peter the Great in 1696 After the Russians had defeated the Swedes and the pro- Swedish Empire Ukrainian Cossacks led by Ivan Mazepa in the Battle of Poltava in 1709, Charles XII of Sweden managed to persuade the Ottoman Sultan Ahmed III to declare war on Russia on November 20, 1710. In the new treaty Bulgarian territory was decreased and the war indemnities were cancelled. [21]:165 Barely able to gather his cavalry squadrons, Creutz tried to advance on the right flank, but the Russian battalions were able to form into hollow squares,[21]:158 while Menshikov's cavalry outflanked the Swedes and attacked them from the rear. Another 22 ships were captured by the Swedes, whose own losses were limited to just five small vessels. A monument for Peter III stands in Kiel (North Germany), the city of his birth. However, shortly before the conference, Peter lost his throne (9 July[O.S. [8]:220, In June 1762, 40,000 Russian troops assembled in Pomerania under General Pyotr Rumyantsev, preparing to face 27,000 Danish troops under the French general Count St. Germain in case the RussianDanish freedom conference (scheduled for 1 July 1762 in Berlin under the patronage of Frederick II) failed to resolve the issue. 28 June]1762) and the conference did not occur. The battle ended Sweden's status as a major power and marked the beginning of Russian supremacy in eastern Europe. He had the conviction that his princeship entitled him to disregard decency and the feelings of others. [13]:703 Peter subsequently adopted a scorched-earth policy in order to deprive the Swedish forces of supplies. [10]:14 During the war, the Russian army organized the Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689 and the Azov campaigns (169596). Gustaf II Adolf before Battle of Ltzen. Peter has been depicted on screen a number of times, almost always in films concerning his wife Catherine. The History of Peter the Great, Emperor of Russia: To which is Prefixed a Short General History of the Country from the Rise of that Monarchy: and an Account of the Author's Life, Volume 1. [21]:175,180 The Russians halted at the edge of the woods and their artillery fire stopped; only the Cossacks and Kalmycks roamed the plains south of the woods. In addition, Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, who had replaced Ivan VI on the throne following a palace coup, demanded that Prince-Bishop Adolf Frederick ofLbeckbe recognized as the heir to the Swedish throne. After the coldest winter in Europe in over 500 years, Charles was left with 20,000 soldiers and 34 cannons. Under the terms of the Treaty of Adrianople, the Ottoman Empire recognized Russian sovereignty over western Georgia, which was formerly under Ottoman suzerainty, and recognized Russian domination of present-day Armenia, which had been conquered a year earlier (1828) by the Russians from Qajar Iran through the Treaty of Turkmenchay. On the Black Sea, the Ottoman fleet had a colossal advantage, since the Russian fleet did not recover after the Crimean War. The Russians had around 40,000 men, but they were poorly trained, in poor shape physically and lacking self-confidence. He was born in the German city of Kiel as Charles Peter Ulrich of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp (German: Karl Peter Ulrich von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp), but he was a grandson of Peter the Great and a great-grandson of Charles XI of Sweden. In The Great, Peter is already the emperor of Russia by the time his doe-eyed fiance arrives. These events and the friction caused by mutual complaints of infringements of the Treaty of Kk Kaynarca, which had closed the previous war, stirred up public opinion in Istanbul, and the British ambassador lent his support to the war party.[21]. Portrait of Adolf Frederick, King of Sweden. In Stockholm, however, the defeat was seen only as a temporary setback. The newly declared First Republic of Armenia captured Kars in April 1918, which was eventually handed back by the future Soviet administration. Peter, who was at his residence at Oranienbaum (now Lomonosov), near St. Petersburg, formally abdicated on July 10 (June 29, Old Style); he was arrested and taken to the village of Ropsha, where, while in the custody of one of the conspirators, Aleksey Grigoryevich Orlov, he was killed. It seemed as though it might be possible for the Empire to turn its decline around. The Ottoman sultan Selim II tried to squeeze the Russians out of the lower Volga by sending a military expedition to Astrakhan in 1569. [13], Shortly thereafter, he was transported to Ropsha, where he later died. The battle thus marked the end of Sweden's time as the dominant power in Northern Europe, a position which after the war was taken over by the Russian Empire. The collapse of the Russian army after the 1917 revolution left only thinly spread Armenian units to resist the inevitable Ottoman counter-attack. Fortunately for Peter, as it turned out, Charles . Under pressure from the British fleet to negotiate on the outcome of the war, Russia agreed a settlement under the Treaty of San Stefano on March 3, by which the Ottoman Empire recognized the independence of its former provinces Romania, Serbia and Montenegro and autonomy of Bulgaria. He was deposed by troops loyal to his wife, Catherine, who, despite her own German origins, was a Russian nationalist. Light Grey Contact us; Terms and rules; Military action in the Baltic region proceeded with varying success until the Battle of Vyborg on July 3, 1790, when the Swedish fleet was blocked in Vyborg Bay. World War 3 Season 2 Episode 13: Battle of ScandinaviaRussian Invasion of Sweden World War 3 ArmA 3 MovieArmA 3 WW3 Cinematic Machinima by TriUnPaWo Brothe. Battle of Poltava, (June 27 [July 8, New Style], 1709), the decisive victory of Peter I the Great of Russia over Charles XII of Sweden in the Great Northern War. By nightfall, Charles and his army had . The Victory at Poltava. Anticipating the Swedish arrival, Menshikov ordered the merciless massacre of the population, razing the city and destroying or looting arms, ammunition and food. Nevertheless, he was later buried on 3 August 1762 [O.S. Both the Armenian and Azerbaijani Republics ended up being part of the Soviet Union in 1920. This made it possible to push the border even further away from St. Petersburg. [7] In 1676, Russian troops captured Chigirin and overthrew Doroshenko, who was exiled to Russia. Russian invasion of Ukraine draws comparisons. Omissions? The conference also again hurt Anglo-Ottoman relations by giving the British the island of Cyprus. Russo-Swedish War (1741-1743) Also known as the Hats' Russian War. This time the Swedish approach was more careful and cunning they commenced hostilities right in the middle of the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791, when the bulk of the Russian army and navy was tied up in the south. The two armies clashed, and ended with the Swedes being defeated and fleeing the battlefield. The second independence movement happened during the uprisings. This portrait of Peter can be found in most history books, including the 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica: Nature had made him mean, the smallpox had made him hideous, and his degraded habits made him loathsome. Hungary has signalled that it could ratify Sweden's bid to join NATO in the autumn, with a ruling party member saying Turkey's decision to back Sweden's bid opened the door to strengthening the . His parents were Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, and Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia. Austria had been Russia's ally since 1726. Post number 28 on page 3 traces a line of possible heirs of King Olof Skotkunung of Sweden (reigned c.995-c.1022) down through various princes of the Rurik dynasty to the mother of Tsar Michael Romanov, the first Romanov ruler and then down to Peter III and his descendants as in post number 11. [21]:143 The Russians slowly moved forward to engage. Gordon, A. [21]:106,108 However, Rehnskild ordered his cavalry to stop their pursuit and Lewenhaupt, already advancing towards the fort, to withdraw to the west. 25 December 1761]), he withdrew Russian forces from the Seven Years' War and concluded a peace treaty (5 May[O.S. In the Balkans, the Russian army, having crossed the Danube, captured the Shipka Pass. Russian Emperor Peter III ruled for only six months: From December 25, 1761, to June 28, 1762. [33] The Empire was undergoing a revolution, and throughout Anatolia a new Ottoman nationalism was appearing. The plan centered on achieving victory at sea and on landing troops close to St. Petersburg. Taylor & Francis, 1994. 9. [1] The Russian Black Sea Fleet, created just a few years earlier, under the command of Admiral Ushakov, inflicted a series of defeats on the Turkish Fleet and seized the initiative in the Black Sea. I hope that if we continue to act thus, then we shall kindly compel the haughty Katarina [Empress Catherine II] to forgive us for our mistakes and sue for peace. When the dust settled, neither side had achieved a decisive advantage, and the Treaty of Vrl was concluded on Aug. 14 of that same year on status quo terms. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Alexander Kotzebue. Even after successive defeats, he said, "The Swedes will go on beating us for a long time, but eventually they will teach us how to beat them.". A Russian army under the command of Tsar Peter I defeated a Swedish army, under the command of Carl Gustaf Rehnskild. [21]:194, Charles gathered the remainder of his troops and baggage train and retreated to the south later that same dayat about 7:00p.m., abandoning the siege of Poltava. Gbor goston, "Military transformation in the Ottoman Empire and Russia, 15001800.". [40] Soon, a new Russo-Turkish war had begun. [22] Ottoman generals were incompetent, and the army mutinous; expeditions for the relief of Bender and Akkerman failed, Belgrade was taken by the Austrians,[23] The Russian army under the command of Alexander Suvorov defeated the Turks in the battle of Rymnik and captured Izmail. . As Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, Peter planned war against Denmark in order to restore parts of Schleswig to his Duchy. Two, Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, LLC. Peter considered this a casus belli and prepared for open warfare against Denmark. 23 July] in the Alexander Nevsky Monastery, Saint Petersburg.[13][4]. There were two main movements for the west side. This then led his captors to strangle him to death with a scarf. The classical view of Peter's character is mainly drawn out of the memoirs of his wife and successor. The high vizier of the Turks was eventually paid off, with much intrigue and espionage involved and plots within plots, at one point involving a ransom of the Russian crown jewels, according to Charles' prison translator.[24]. Januarius MacGahan, a journalist of the New York Herald and the London Daily News wrote of the terrible happenings after his visitation to Batak with Eugene Schuyler. Despite this, the hostilities on the Black Sea in this war were not important. In May 1736, the Russian army launched an invasion of the Crimean peninsula and burned the capital of the Crimean Khanate, Bakhchysarai. The Turks drove back the Austrians from Mehadia and overran the Banat (1789); but in Moldavia Field-Marshal Pyotr Rumyantsev was successful and captured Iai and Khotyn. When the government in Constantinople tried to initiate measures to prevent an economic collapse throughout the empire, it touched off a revolt in Herzegovina in 1875. ", Frost, Robert I. "' How experts view Russia's invasion of Ukraine. She described him as an "idiot" and as a "drunkard from Holstein", also describing her marriage with him with "there is nothing worse than having a child-husband"; even Peter's idol, Frederick the Great mentioned of him by saying "he allowed himself to be dethroned like a child sent off to bed".[4]. Dowling T. C. Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond. However, Austria was defeated by the Ottoman Empire once again and signed a separate peace treaty on August 21. [19], On July 21, 1774, the Ottoman Empire signed the Treaty of Kk Kaynarca, which formally granted independence to the Crimean Khanate, but in reality it became dependent on Russia. The Russian army had to leave Ochakov and Kinburn due to a plague outbreak. 90. People say that Peter, after his death, stopped Hitler's army near Leningrad, just as the living Peter had ordered the Russian army to stop, just as it was about to capture Konigsberg. [21]:60 Two of the redoubts were still being constructed on the morning of the battle, but 4,000 Russians manned the remaining eight, with 10,000 cavalry under General Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov stationed behind them. It was one of the longest series of military conflicts in European history. His popularity diminished further after he succeeded Elizabeth and, reversing her foreign policy, made peace with Prussia and withdrew from the Seven Years War (175663), formed an alliance with Prussia, and prepared to engage Russia in a war against Denmark to help his native Holstein gain control of Schleswig. Martin, Janet (1996). [12] Following the results of peace, Russia managed to annex Azov and get access to the Sea of Azov. [10][17], The Polish opposition was defeated by Alexander Suvorov, who was then transferred to the Ottoman theatre of operations, where in 1773 and 1774 he won several minor and major battles following the previous grand successes of the Russian Field-Marshal Pyotr Rumyantsev at Larga and Kagul. . . , . (16731677 .) [21]:143 According to Charles and reports from other Swedish officers, the weather at that time was already very hot and humid, with the sun obscured by smoke from the Russian cannons in the fort. Last week Mr Peskov said that Russia would have to "rebalance the situation" with its own measures were Sweden and Finland to join Nato. For a few years, they bordered each other along a large territory in the Caucasus, which caused further frictions. The Battle of Poltava [e] (8 July 1709) [f] was the decisive and largest battle of the Great Northern War. Despite forming an alliance with the Ottoman Empire, Sweden failed to secure support from Great Britain, the Dutch Republic, and Prussia. "Gazing Anew at Poltava: Perspectives from the Military Revolution Controversy, Comparative History, and Decision-Making Doctrines. Frost, R. I., 2000, The Northern Wars, 15581721, Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. The fifth film. [21]:160 At this point the Swedish assault had disintegrated and no longer had organized bodies of troops to oppose the Russian infantry or cavalry. [29] The Soviet-Turkish border was established under the Treaty of Moscow (1921).