mrna vaccine for cancermrna vaccine for cancer

An mRNA vaccine to treat pancreatic cancer | National Institutes of Moyer T.J., Zmolek A.C., Irvine D.J. Singh R., Paterson Y. Listeria monocytogenes as a vector for tumor-associated antigens for cancer immunotherapy. Intramuscular administration permits a relatively larger injection volume than the intradermal route and causes milder local side effects than the intradermal and subcutaneous routes177. C1 or C1 mRNA can promote BMDC activation through the TLR4-dependent nuclear factor B signaling pathway, and the invivo antitumor effects of C1-OVA mRNA were TLR4-dependent61. 2023 Jun 27;31(4):437-448. doi: 10.32604/or.2023.029924. Association of polymerase e-mutated and microsatellite-instable endometrial cancers with neoantigen load, number of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, and expression of PD-1 and PD-L1. Therapeutic cancer vaccines: current status and moving forward. Xu S., Yang K., Li R., Zhang L. mRNA vaccine era-mechanisms, drug platform and clinical prospection. Do A.S.S., Amano T., Edwards L.A., Zhang L., De Peralta-Venturina M., Yu J.S. To our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate clinical vaccine effectiveness of up to 4 doses of mRNA-based vaccines against COVID-19 in actively treated patients with cancer and cancer survivors, and matched noncancer controls at a population level. Enhancement of dendritic cells transfection. and transmitted securely. Wang Y., Zhang L., Xu Z., Miao L., Huang L. mRNA vaccine with antigen-specific checkpoint blockade induces an enhanced immune response against established melanoma. Systematic identification of personal tumor-specific neoantigens in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. During vaccination, naked or vehicle loaded mRNA vaccines efficiently express tumor antigens in antigen-presenting cells (APCs), facilitate APC activation and innate/adaptive immune stimulation. Giannakis M., Mu X.J., Shukla S.A., Qian Z.R., Cohen O., Nishihara R., et al. Cesana G.C., DeRaffele G., Cohen S., Moroziewicz D., Mitcham J., Stoutenburg J., et al. Compared to the vaccine alone, the combination of OVA mRNA Galsomes and an anti-PD-L1 antibody significantly increased the number of iNKT cells in the spleen, reduced the level of PD-L1 on DCs from the spleen and the level of PD-1 on proliferative iNKT cells from the spleen, and significantly improved the antitumor effect58. The approach may also have potential for treating other deadly cancer types. Van Lint S., Renmans D., Broos K., Goethals L., Maenhout S., Benteyn D., et al. Reichmuth A.M., Oberli M.A., Jaklenec A., Langer R., Blankschtein D. mRNA vaccine delivery using lipid nanoparticles. Verbeke R., Lentacker I., Breckpot K., Janssens J., Van Calenbergh S., DeSmedt S.C., et al. Perche F., Benvegnu T., Berchel M., Lebegue L., Pichon C., Jaffrs P.A., et al. A facile method for the removal of dsRNA contaminant from. Therapeutic cancer vaccines: past, present, and future. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, Herpesvirus has a wide host range; can infect nerve cells, peripheral blood monocytes and DCs; and has a short replication cycle, a large capacity and relatively good safety160, 161, 162. Lipid nanoparticle assisted mRNA delivery for potent cancer immunotherapy. In 1995, Conry etal.41 showed the humoral immunogenicity of liposome mRNA encoding human CEA complexes, which first confirmed the proof-of-concept of mRNA cancer vaccines in preclinical studies. Pardi N., Hogan M.J., Pelc R.S., Muramatsu H., Andersen H., DeMaso C.R., et al. Udhayakumar V.K., De Beuckelaer A., McCaffrey J., McCrudden C.M., Kirschman J.L., Vanover D., et al. Virus-mimic mRNA vaccine for cancer treatment. IVT of mRNA is the main technique applied to prepare the molecule and utilizes a bacteriophage RNA polymerase, such as T3, T7 or SP6 RNA polymerase, and a linearized DNA template containing the targeted antigen sequences2,29. Due to the weak binding force between mannose and its receptors, increasing the density of mannose on the carrier surface may be an effective way to improve the delivery efficiency of mannose-modified LPR. Vlasova-St Louis I., Bohjanen P.R. Therapeutic cancer vaccines | Nature Reviews Cancer Short peptide vaccines have some shortcomings, including antigen degradation caused by protein hydrolysis and a weak duration of immune responses148, and short peptides can bind MHC I molecules on the surface of many nuclear cells, which, as nonprofessional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), often do not contain costimulatory signals, leading to antigen tolerance and T cell dysfunction. An overview of mRNA cancer vaccines in preclinical and clinical settings. The company uses genetic information from a patient's tumor to create a . Mockey M., Bourseau E., Chandrashekhar V., Chaudhuri A., Lafosse S., Le Cam E., et al. How mRNA Vaccines Help Fight Cancer Tumors, Too Mol Cancer. Analysis of the whole-exon sequences of 619 colorectal cancer samples showed that a high level of neoantigens in the tumor was correlated with both an increase in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and an improvement in survival109. Recombinant adenovirus vectors are easy to design and have shown utility as vectors for vaccines and gene therapy drugs; however, their immunogenicity can impact the effects of vaccines159. In 2018, Wang etal.78 showed that LCP NPs loaded with both mRNA encoding melanoma-associated antigen TRP2 and small interfering RNA targeting PD-L1 could effectively deliver mRNA into DCs invitro and invivo and promote the maturation of DCs. Combination of this vaccine with immune checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., anti-PD-1, anti-CTLA-4, and anti-PD-L1 antibodies) had potent antitumor effects in invivo models resistant to immune checkpoint inhibitors56. The clinical translation of mRNA cancer vaccines for AML and myeloma has also shown a trend from the application of a single TAA [e.g., WT1 ({"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00834002","term_id":"NCT00834002"}}NCT00834002, {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00965224","term_id":"NCT00965224"}}NCT0096522486, {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01291420","term_id":"NCT01291420"}}NCT0129142087)] to a combination of multiple TAAs [e.g., WT1, PRAME, CMV pp65, cancer-testis antigen 7, and MAGE-A3 ({"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01734304","term_id":"NCT01734304"}}NCT0173430488, {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT02405338","term_id":"NCT02405338"}}NCT02405338, {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01995708","term_id":"NCT01995708"}}NCT01995708)]. After decades of limited success, scientists say research has reached a turning point, with many . Additionally, protamine can be used in combination with liposomes (e.g., cationic liposome-protamine99, LPC62 and VLVP103). Patients exhibit good tolerance to messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccines, and the choice of encoded molecules is flexible and diverse. Krishna S., Anderson K.S. November 19, 2021. Most tumors have a mutational load of 110 somatic cell mutations per million bases and can generally form neoantigens recognized by T cells112. Petsch B., Schnee M., Vogel A.B., Lange E., Hoffmann B., Voss D., et al. Broos K., Van der Jeught K., Puttemans J., Goyvaerts C., Heirman C., Dewitte H., et al. In 1961, Brenner etal.1 first discovered mRNA, which is a key intermediate molecule necessary for expressing genes as proteins and contains codon information corresponding to amino acids (basic units of proteins)2. LM is currently a full time employee of Gilead and this article is not related to the underlying work at Gilead and it is with the approval of Gilead. Jemielity J., Fowler T., Zuberek J., Stepinski J., Lewdorowicz M., Niedzwiecka A., et al. LNPs seem to be a promising carrier for delivery of mRNA cancer vaccines. Schnee M., Vogel A.B., Voss D., Petsch B., Baumhof P., Kramps T., et al. mRNA cancer vaccines: Advances, trends and challenges Kyte J.A., Mu L., Aamdal S., Kvalheim G., Dueland S., Hauser M., et al. The cap and poly(A) tail function synergistically toregulate mRNA translational efficiency. Results of tests in mice, reported June 20 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, show that the degradable, polymer-based nanoparticle carrying an mRNA-based vaccine, when injected into the bloodstream of mice, was able to travel to the spleen and activate certain cancer-fighting immune cells in a targeted way.. Linares-Fernndez S., Lacroix C., Exposito J.Y., Verrier B. Tailoring mRNA vaccine to balance innate/adaptive immune response. Mechanism of action of mRNA-based vaccines. Zhang N.N., Li X.F., Deng Y.Q., Zhao H., Huang Y.J., Yang G., et al. The antigen-specific T cell responses induced by intradermal vaccination with E7 mRNA monomannosylated-LPR were significantly stronger than those induced by the subcutaneous route52. Clonal neoantigens elicit T cell immunoreactivity and sensitivity to immune checkpoint blockade. eCollection 2023. Antitumor T cells are the main expected effector cells that mediate the therapeutic effects of these vaccines, and the mechanism underlying the production and action of antitumor T cells is summarized in Fig. Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine has recently emerged as an appealing alternative to DNA vaccine for infectious disease preventions and anti-cancer treatments. DOTAP/DP-C/mRNA encoding five neoantigens was significantly stronger than DOTAP/DP-C/mutant peptides in inducing the spleen to produce activated T cells (CD3+ CD8+ IFN-+) in an in situ therapeutic tumor model59. Increasing lean muscle mass in mice. An experimental vaccine for pancreatic cancer showed . mRNA vaccines against H10N8 and H7N9 influenza viruses of pandemic potential are immunogenic and well tolerated in healthy adults in phase 1 randomized clinical trials. FOIA TriMixDC-MEL combined with an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ipilimumab) was tolerated and induced highly durable tumor responses in pretreated advanced melanoma patients ({"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01302496","term_id":"NCT01302496"}}NCT01302496104). Le Gall C.M., Weiden J., Eggermont L.J., Figdor C.G. Before official website and that any information you provide is encrypted In addition, other vectors, such as bacteria and yeast, have shown potential as vaccine vectors in preclinical studies163, 164, 165. BioNTech's mRNA Cancer Vaccine Has Started Phase 2 Clinical Trial Nucleic acid vaccines are prepared using nucleic acids (e.g., DNA, RNA) encoding antigens. The UK is embarking on an ambitious plan to accelerate research into mRNA cancer vaccines, with German pharmaceutical company BioNTech. Table 122,40, 41, 42, 43,45,47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62,69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106 summarizes the progress in those factors in the preclinical and clinical settings. Rooney M.S., Shukla S.A., Wu C.J., Getz G., Hacohen N. Molecular and genetic properties of tumors associated with local immune cytolytic activity. Accessibility For safety reasons, replication-defective viruses or attenuated viruses are adopted65. In 2017, Oberli etal.77 constructed and optimized an LNP library and showed that LNPs containing mRNAs encoding tumor antigens (e.g., gp100 and TRP2) combined with LPS as the adjuvant could effectively induce antigen-specific CD8+ T cells, inhibit tumor growth and prolong OS in mice. mRNA is also briefly expressed in cells, allowing repeated inoculation30. DP7-C-modified liposomes enhance immune responses and the antitumor effect of a neoantigen-based mRNA vaccine. Hilf N., Kuttruff-Coqui S., Frenzel K., Bukur V., Stevanovi S., Gouttefangeas C., et al. Furthermore, tumors with a high level of neoantigens were found to be significantly more homogenous than those with a low level of neoantigens111. Experimental mRNA cancer vaccine with immunotherapy reduces risk of In 2011, Perche etal.71 showed that mRNA-loaded Man11-LPR100 was 4 times more efficient than sugar-free LPR100 in transfection of DCs and had a better antitumor effect invivo. Autologous dendritic cells transfected with prostate-specific antigen RNA stimulate CTL responses against metastatic prostate tumors. mRNA cancer vaccines encoding p53 and tumor antigens (e.g., survivin, hTERT, neoantigens) are currently in clinical trials ({"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00978913","term_id":"NCT00978913"}}NCT00978913, {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT02316457","term_id":"NCT02316457"}}NCT02316457). doi: 10.12659/MSM.933088. Stability analysis of chemically modified mRNA using micropattern-based single-cell arrays. Cationic liposome-mediated RNA transfection. Dendritoma vaccination combined with low dose interleukin-2 in metastatic melanoma patients induced immunological and clinical responses. Hua GAO, Dejiang Tan, and Jun-zhi Wang checked and revised the article. Enhanced mRNA delivery into lymphocytes enabled by lipid-varied libraries of charge-altering releasable transporters. 2013;119:421475. Lin Y.X., Wang Y., Ding J., Jiang A., Wang J., Yu M., et al. Clinical trials employing mRNA-based cancer vaccines between 2016 and 2021. Delivering the messenger: advances in technologies for therapeutic mRNA delivery. Data show that people with cancer and others with weakened immune systems are at high risk for severe complications from COVID-19. mRNA cancer vaccines-messages that prevail. 2021 Feb 28;22(5):2433. doi: 10.3390/ijms22052433. Lipo-MERIT mRNA cancer vaccines encoding 3 TAAs for OC ({"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT04163094","term_id":"NCT04163094"}}NCT04163094), 5 TAAs for PC [e.g., BNT112 ({"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT04382898","term_id":"NCT04382898"}}NCT04382898)], or a fixed combination of shared cancer antigens for HNSCC and HNC [BNT113 ({"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT04534205","term_id":"NCT04534205"}}NCT04534205)] are in clinical trials. Phua etal.47 showed that intranasal naked mRNA vaccination cannot induce antitumor immune responses in the absence of a NP vectors. DCs pulsed with invitro synthesized chicken OVA RNA were more effective than OVA peptide-pulsed DCs in stimulating primary, OVA-specific CTL responses invitro42. Immunostimulatory RNA oligonucleotides trigger an antigen-specific cytotoxic T-cell and IgG2a response. The invitro and invivo transfection efficiencies of mRNA are important parameters in the preclinical evaluation of mRNA vaccines, and the key way to improving the pharmacodynamics of an mRNA vaccine is to improve the mRNA transfection efficiency194. Genetically engineered poxviruses for recombinant gene expression, vaccination, and safety. Preclinical evaluation of vaccines should fully elucidate the action and mechanism of vaccines, and the key points in preclinical evaluation of mRNA cancer vaccines are to identify the production (e.g., number and activation of T cells) and the effect (e.g., killing effect and antigen affinity of T cells) of antigen-specific T cell responses. A good practice guide to the administration of substances and removal of blood, including routes and volumes. Intranodal vaccination with naked antigen-encoding RNA elicits potent prophylactic and therapeutic antitumoral immunity. Fotin-Mleczek M., Duchardt K.M., Lorenz C., Pfeiffer R., Ojki-Zrna S., Probst J., et al. In 2014, Fotin-Mleczek etal.101 showed the strong synergistic antitumor effect of a combination of a protamine-complexed OVA-encoding mRNA cancer vaccine and preclinical radiation. Multicomponent mannose-containing liposomes efficiently deliver RNA in murine immature dendritic cells and provide productive anti-tumour response in murine melanoma model. Disclaimer. Phosphorothioate cap analogs increase stability and translational efficiency of RNA vaccines in immature dendritic cells and induce superior immune responses. COVID-19 Vaccines in People with Cancer Comb-structured mRNA vaccine tethered with short double-stranded RNA Unlike plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and viral vectors, which carry the risk of mutation caused by gene insertion and/or infection, mRNA can be directly translated into proteins after entering the cytoplasm; thus, mRNA vaccines are nonintegrated, noninfectious and well tolerated28,29. BrenneR S., Jacob F., Meselson M. An unstable intermediate carrying information from genes to ribosomes for protein synthesis. Clinical advances and ongoing trials of mRNA vaccines for cancer Preclinical evaluation of an mRNA HIV vaccine combining rationally selected antigenic sequences and adjuvant signals (HTI-TriMix). mRNA Vaccines: The Dawn of a New Era of Cancer Immunotherapy Activation of type I IFN receptor signaling precedes that of TCR signaling in T cells, which can serve as the true third signal to promote immune responses146. Kowalski P.S., Rudra A., Miao L., Anderson D.G. Modified mRNA vaccines protect against Zika virus infection. Tumors with high levels of immunogenic mutations had much higher levels of CD8A, PD-1 and CTLA4108. 2021 Mar;76(1):1-6. doi: 10.22092/ari.2021.353761.1612. Ehmsen S, Asmussen A, Jeppesen SS, Nilsson AC, sterlev S, Vestergaard H, Justesen US, Johansen IS, Frederiksen H, Ditzel HJ. 2011;17(11):35203526. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Rajasagi M., Shukla S.A., Fritsch E.F., Keskin D.B., DeLuca D., Carmona E., et al. mRNA cancer vaccines use mRNA encoding tumor antigens or immunomodulatory molecules to deliver the corresponding proteins, combined with relevant delivery vectors and adjuvants, to induce antitumor responses35,36. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.06.001. Schumann C., Nguyen D.X., Norgard M., Bortnyak Y., Korzun T., Chan S., et al. This vaccine significantly reduced immunosuppressive cells [e.g., Foxp3+/CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in peripheral blood and myeloid suppressor cells] and increased specific T cells in a subset of patients. Therapeutic vaccine in chronically HIV-1-infected patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIa trial with HTI-TriMix. The components of LNPs mainly include ionizable lipids, which facilitate self-assembly and endosomal release of mRNA; phospholipids, which support the lipid bilayer structure; cholesterol, a stabilizing agent; and lipid-anchored PEG, which extends the half-life of formulations. The selection and expression of antigens/targets, the application of vectors and adjuvants, and administration routes are key factors to be considered in vaccine design. A correlation between TSAs and antitumor immune responses has been confirmed in several studies. An RNActive vaccine encoding six prostate cancer-specific antigens (CV9104) was investigated in a placebo-controlled phase 1/2 study in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Pardi N., Weissman D. Nucleoside modified mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Howitt B.E., Shukla S.A., Sholl L.M., Ritterhouse L.L., Watkins J.C., Rodig S., et al. Finally, we look forward to the successful clinical translation of mRNA cancer vaccines. Self-amplifying RNA vaccines for Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus induce robust protective immunogenicity in mice. Miao L., Li L., Huang Y., Delcassian D., Chahal J., Han J., et al. Wang Y., Tiruthani K., Li S., Hu M., Zhong G., Tang Y., et al. Durable anticancer immunity from intratumoral administration of IL-23, IL-36. The UK Government has signed a long-term partnership agreement with the German company BioNTech to support clinical trials for personalised mRNA cancer immunotherapies. In 2021, the FDA approved the first COVID-19 vaccine, produced by Pfizer-BioNTech (marketed as Comirnaty), which has stimulated enthusiasm for research and development of mRNA vaccines and created expectations for breakthroughs in mRNA cancer vaccines. New strategies for therapeutic cancer vaccines. Holist Integr Oncol. An RNA vaccine drives expansion and efficacy of claudin-CAR-T cells against solid tumors. See this image and copyright information in PMC. Stepinski J., Waddell C., Stolarski R., Darzynkiewicz E., Rhoads R.E. However, mRNA vaccine applications have been limited by instability, innate immunogenicity, and inefficient in vivo delivery. The expanding spectrum of herpesvirus infections of the nervous system. Miao L., Zhang Y., Huang L. mRNA vaccine for cancer immunotherapy. Sedic M., Senn J.J., Lynn A., Laska M., Smith M., Platz S.J., et al. Adv Cancer Res. Gatti-Mays M.E., Redman J.M., Collins J.M., Bilusic M. Cancer vaccines: enhanced immunogenic modulation through therapeutic combinations. Van Tendeloo V.F., Van de Velde A., Van Driessche A., Cools N., Anguille S., Ladell K., et al. According to the current understanding of antigen-specific T cell immune responses, the evaluated parameters mainly include identification of the physical and chemical characteristics of the vaccine; the efficiency of APC transfection with the mRNA (e.g., binding and uptake, internalization and transport, and expression and distribution); differentiation, maturation and antigen presentation of APCs; immunological stimulation by vaccines; cellular immunogenicity (e.g., production, proliferation and target cell killing of CTLs); humoral immunogenicity; antitumor effect and associated mechanism; and preliminary toxicities (e.g., cytotoxicity, visceral toxicity and hemolysis). double-stranded RNA impurities produced by IVT can bind pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in the cytoplasm [e.g., RIG-I, melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (one type of RIG-I receptor), protein kinase RNA-activated (also known as eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2alpha kinases 2), 2-5-oligoadenylate synthetase] and endosomes (e.g., TLR3) to activate specific pathways [e.g., RIG-I/MAD5mitochondrial antiviral signaling proteinIFN I, (IFN I) protein kinase RNA-activatedeukaryotic translation initiation factor 2alpha, (IFN I) 2-5-oligoadenylate synthetaseribonuclease L, TLR3Toll/IL-1 receptor domain containing adaptor inducing IFN-IFN I], which can inhibit mRNA translation and promote mRNA enzymolysis145, 146, 147. Toll-like receptor 7/8-matured RNA-transduced dendritic cells as post-remission therapy in acute myeloid leukaemia: results of a phase I trial. 2023 May 4;2023:4588659. doi: 10.1155/2023/4588659. Synthetic mRNA nanoparticle-mediated restoration of p53 tumor suppressor sensitizes p53-deficient cancers to mTOR inhibition. Direct injection of protamine-protected mRNA: results of a phase 1/2 vaccination trial in metastatic melanoma patients. Abbreviations: CARTs, charge-altering releasable transporters; CLAN, cationic lipid-assisted nanoparticles; DCs, dendritic cells; DOTAP/DP7-C, 1,2-diol-3-trimethylpropane chloride/cholesterol-modified cation peptide DP7; LCP NPs, lipid/calcium/phosphate (LCP) nanoparticles (NPs); LPC, cationic liposome/protamine complex; LNPs, lipid nanoparticles; Mann, mannan; PGCP NPs, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)/G0-C14/ceramide-poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) (PGCP) NPs; PSA, prostate-specific antigen; ssPalmE-KALA, a vitamin E-scaffold (ssPalmE)-lipid nanoparticle and an -helical cationic peptide KALA; triMN-LPR, cationic liposomes (L)-a cationic polymer (P)-mRNA (R) called lipopolyplexes (LPR) functionalized with a tri-antenna of -d-mannopyranoside (triMN). The mRNA vaccines train the body to protect itself against its own abnormal cancer cells. Brito L.A., Kommareddy S., Maione D., Uematsu Y., Giovani C., Berlanda Scorza F., et al. Unlike protein or peptide vaccines, the first step necessary for an mRNA cancer vaccine to produce its effects is that the sequence information of a coded protein can be translated into the functional protein. FLT3 ligand enhances the cancer therapeutic potency of naked RNA vaccines. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies She noted that while Moderna's mRNA vaccine, which will enter phase 3 trials this year . Central immune tolerance to TAAs and peripheral immune tolerance (e.g., immune checkpoint pathways, TME) during tumor development are two major challenges faced by cancer vaccines. Several studies have shown that mRNA cancer vaccines encoding immunomodulatory molecules (e.g., TriMix, mRNA-2752, BNT131, and mRNA encoding BisCCL2/5i) and tumor suppressor genes (e.g., PTEN or p53-encoding mRNA), which also have antitumor effects as a monotherapy, are often used as adjuvant treatment in combination with multiple tumor antigens (e.g., MAGE-A3, MAGE-C2, tyrosinase, gp100, survivin, hTERT, and neoantigens) and immune checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., anti-PD-1, anti-CTLA-4, and anti-PD-L1 antibodies). 8600 Rockville Pike Nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccination partially overcomes maternal antibody inhibition of. The Rapid Development and Early Success of Covid 19 Vaccines Have Raised Hopes for Accelerating the Cancer Treatment Mechanism.