It has begun a similar gathering now". Various village councils of the Luhansk region canceled the decision to grant the Russian language the status of a regional language: on September 26, 2019, the Golubivsk village council; on October 1, 2019, the Novovodyansk village; on October 3, 2019, the Epiphany village council; on November 4, 2019, the Makeiv village council; on November 7, 2019, the Novomykilsk village council; on November 21, 2019, the Mykhailo village council. Yet, the Secret Police reported Ukrainians were increasingly dissatisfied with the regime and awaited the arrival of the Whites, Poles or Ukrainian nationalists, causing a drastic change in the Soviet nationality policy. [2], The movement was not received well, and many Russophile figures immigrated to the Russian Empire where they were welcomed, however, preferred to keep them from the turbulent right-bank Ukraine in the northern Kholm Region where the last group of Greek Catholics in the Russian Empire remained. All Ukrainian language signs were replaced with Russian language ones and owners of the buildings who resisted the changes were threatened. But regarding relations between the regime and the population, officialdom appeared to consider some nations friendlier to the state than others. Derussification in Ukraine (Ukrainian: / , romanized:Derusyfikatsiia/derosiianizatsiia v Ukrani) is a process of removing Russian influence from the post-Soviet country of Ukraine. The council included the head of the Third Section, Aleksandr Potapov, retired military officer Mikhail Yuzefovich, the general curator of the Holy Synod and the minister of the interior and education. Petersburg. Following Austria's Seven Weeks War with Prussia, the kingdom was transformed into a dual monarchy and the appointment of a Polish governor to rule Galicia was regarded by the Ruthenian elite as a betrayal, the Slovo newspaper promoted Russophilia and a turn away from the west. In February 1918, Volodymyr Zatonsky was arrested on the streets of Kiev for speaking and corresponding in Ukrainian, but was saved from execution by a paper signed by Lenin found in his pocket. According to historian Serhii Plokhy, the Valuev Circular "had profound effects on the development of the Ukrainian culture and identity." [2], On December 30, the day the delegates voted to create the Soviet Union, Lenin began to dictate his last work on the nationality question entitled "On the Questions of Nationalities or 'Autonomization", it contained an attack on Stalin's policies on the subject and criticised the rights provided to the republics by the Union treaty as inadequate to prevent the rise of Russian nationalism.[2]. Putin Is Spending Billions of Dollars to Lose the War in Ukraine The reaction is a sign of the current weakness of Russian power in the region, and that . Likewise, in the lands annexed to the Russian Empire after the Second Partition, only 300,000 were Orthodox while more than 2 million were Uniates, while the lands attached in the Third Partition had almost no Orthodox believers. [13] Some of these "russified Ukrainians" speak Russian, while others speak a mix of Ukrainian and Russian known as "surzhyk"; many Ukrainian speakers recognize "surzhyk" as a bigger problem than Russian, because it ruins the Ukrainian language and is a mix of Ukrainian and Russian vocabulary and grammar. This decision led to the closure of newspapers, schools and teacher-training institutions and to the eventual Russification of hundreds of thousands of ethnic Ukrainians. "False notes expressed in sweeping defamation of Russia and things Russian" was the response to the satirist. During a visit to the Belarusian State University, Khrushchev declared, "the sooner we all speak Russian, the more quickly we shall build communism". Police officials considered Hrushvesky to be the leader of the Galician "Mazepsits" and planned his exile to Siberia, however, with the intervention of Russian liberal intelligentsia he was exiled to the town of Simbirsk. If the Russians had been deemed model citizens, then non-Russians with traditional homelands or significant diasporas outside the USSR were seen as potential traitors and were targeted in a number of repressive operations that culminated in the Great Terror. [4], The process began with the collapse of the Soviet Union, but since the issue of decommunization was a much bigger problem, derussification received relatively little attention, after 2014, the two processes were closely intertwined and initially they took place mostly in a spontaneous and unsystematic way. In his "Letter to the Workers and Peasants of Ukraine on the Occasion of the Victories over Denikin" published in January 1920, Lenin did not attempt to conceal the fact that independence for Ukraine was not his preference and that he supported the "voluntary union of the people". Bishop Evlogii of Kholm was placed in charge of the Orthodox mission in Galicia and the three had a rare opportunity to implement their ideas for Russification. , 2001 . Thursday 29 December 2022 15:11, UK Pic: AP Why you can trust Sky News After the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea and establishment of unrecognized Russian-supported militants in eastern Ukraine, Russification was imposed on people in these areas.[20]. A few months prior at a special meeting of the Politburo, Stalin had decided on a new section of history, "the History of the USSR", putting special emphasis on Russia: "in the past, the Russian people gathered other peoples. The policy of Russification (obrusenie) that Catherine had formulated for the Hetmenate was now to become official policy for the newly annexed territories from Poland with majority Ukrainians. On February 22, 2018, the Kyiv City Council decided to de-Russify the names of nine streets and alleys in Kyiv. "[2], The motives for the territory chosen by Catherine in the First Partition were strategic, yet the next two cited historical rather than strategic rationale. [2], By the early 1970s, Brezhnev had made the concept of the Soviet nation the centerpiece of his nationality policy. On April 20, 2022, public utilities began to implement the decision of the session of the Drohobych City Council to carry out a complete de-Russification in the Drogobych community. In the Kiev provinces there were 43,000 Polish nobles and only 1,000 Russian ones. Pages for logged out editors learn more. Now the Memorial of Glory at the intersection of Samborska and I. Franko streets (the so-called "eternal flame" is being dismantled) )," he wrote. [2], Lenin was willing to make concessions on language and culture but opposed Ukrainian independence. [2], The reversal of indigenisation suspended the development of non-Russian languages and cultures at a moment when increasing numbers of peasants, driven by collectivization from the villages that had shielded them from the linguistic supervision of tsarist authorities, began to migrate to the cities. Under whose auspices you were born of your ancestors. Once incorporated fully into the empire the provinces of the former Hetmenate were dwarfed by the Russian state, and the officer class of the Cossack polity was integrated (though with difficulty) and forced to serve the interests of the all-Russian nation, though they retained their attachment to their traditional homeland. The image presented by Kazbudan was of a new ethnic and cultural Russian entity. In villages and towns, street names were changed and Soviet-Russian monuments were demolished. Neither in the Third or Four Duma was there a Ukrainian caucus. KYIV When Ukraine called on Central Asian countries this spring to move away from Russia and forge closer ties to Kyiv, Moscow responded with its usual bluster that the region is Russia's untouchable fiefdom. [2], The lack of progress of linguistic Ukrainization in the cities, especially amongst the ethnically Russian or highly Russified working class, concerned Oleksandr Shumskyi, who became Ukraine's Commissar of Education in the 1920s. The edict: Alexander II also ordered repressive measures against Ukrainophile activists. However the hopes of the Russian "unifiers" were crushed more quickly than they had been fulfilled, barely a month after the tsars triumphal entrance to Lviv, the Austrians reentered. Khrushchev promised the Soviet Union and the world that communism would be achieved within 20 years. [2], A section of the Edict of Ems discussed the newspaper Slovo, published in the capital of then Austrian Galicia-Lviv. The de-Russification of Ukrainian art - DW - 02/17/2023 Long before the war had yet to begin, the Russian nationalists in Kiev and other cities of the Empire, warned about the possibility of Ukraine leaving Russia and joining Austria-Hungary. Even Ukrainian language correspondence was banned. ' - ", monument to Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was demolished in Chernihiv, " ! The Russo-Ukrainian War gave a strong impetus to the process. Muraviev's gunners targeted the house of Mikhailo Hrushevsky, bombarding it and setting it afire, causing the death of his family. After 1980, Russian language classes were instituted from the first grade onward. [2], Olekzandr Dovzhenko, Ukraine's best-known filmmaker, found himself under attack from the authorities and confined to Moscow, forbidden from visiting Ukraine. [2], Mykhailo Hrushevsky was arrested upon his arrival to Kiev in November 1914 by the Russian police on charges of pro-Austrian sympathies. In 1925, a few months after Stalin appointed Lazar Kaganovich to head the Ukrainian party, Shumsky appealed to Stalin to begin the Ukrainization of the working class and to replace Kaganovich with the ethnic Ukrainian Vlas Chubar. [10][11], On December 30, 1922, more than 2000 people gathered in the Bolshoi Theatre in order to establish the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. After being transferred to Moscow, Shelest was accused of idealising Ukrainian Cossackdom and other nationalist deviations. Who among us will not lend a hand to this great undertaking? The event was only to be referred to as such according to an endorsement by the Central Committee in Moscow. Yet Stalin wanted more, arranging his aides to produce a film about another Russian tsar, Ivan the Terrible. Besides costing more than 200,000 men, the war in Ukraine is proving extremely expensive for Russian President Vladimir Putin. As Plokhy writes, "Under the party leadership of Brezhnev loyalist Volodymyr Shcherbytsky, Ukraine was turned into an exemplary Soviet republic. [2], In officially sanctioned texts, references to the population of Kyivan Rus as Russians, or old Russians, were commonplace while Ukrainian territories were often referred to as southern or western Russian lands. [2], Beginning in August 1920, Stalin had wanted Ukraine and Transcaucasia (federation of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia) to join the Russian federation as autonomous republics like Bashkiria and to be fully subordinated to the Russian government in Moscow. Volhynia) became a part of the Russian Empire for the first time around the 1800s, while Galicia, Bukovina and Zakarpattia fully became a part of the Soviet Union for the first time just in 1945, after WW2. [2], In 1859, Sylvestry Gogotsky, a professor at Kiev University and key leader of the pan-Russian movement, put forward a formula to prevent the spread of the Ukrainian movement: a) We should immediately take measures to educate the people on both sides of the Dnieper; b) From now on we should support the idea of the unite of the three Russian tribes; without that unity, we shall perish very quickly; c) the Russian literary language should be the same for all in primers. The Bolshevik party in Ukraine was mainly Russian or Jewish with Russified Ukrainians constituting only a quarter of the party membership. 30 kilomtres de la frontire russe, la deuxime ville d'Ukraine entame une drussification marche force. Writing for the future emperor of Russia in her "Notes on Russian History," Catherine covers Kievan Rus, though her historical claims often clashed with the claims of other European monarchs at the time. Russian Empire Peter I As well as history, Russian language and culture were also used as tools in the government's new policy to Russify the western provinces. [2], After the end of the war, Stalin moved to reestablish party control over ideology and culture and restore the primacy of Russia and Russians in the Soviet hierarchy. The government had effectively arrested the development of the Ukrainian language and high culture.[2]. The following year saw the release of Alexander Nevsky and in February 1939 the opera A Life for the Tsar was performed under the new name Ivan Susanin. Derussification in Ukraine - Wikipedia - Al-Quds University According to Marxist dogma, national differences would disappear under communism. Others received sentences of one to three years and internal exile from Ukraine in Russia. [2], Pavel Miliukov, the head of the Constitutional Democratic Party, disagreed with his party comrade Petr Struve who believed that the clampdown on the Ukrainian movement in Galicia was the end of the movement, suggesting that he educate himself by reading the literature of the movement. [2], In the opinion of scientist Vladimir Vernadsky (18631945), by the 17th century, Muscovy already had a long-standing policy to absorb Ukraine and liquidate the foundation for local cultural life. [2], Cultural Russification became official policy in the Soviet Union under Brezhnev, the marginalization and degradation of non-Russian languages and their elimination from the educational system began in 1970, when a decree was issued ordering that all graduate theses be written in Russian and approved in Moscow. Oleksandr Merezhko. Instead, they were looking. [2], Behind the image of an independent Ukrainian republic was the highly centralised Bolshevik party, whose members took orders directly from Moscow. [2], At the 17th Party Congress in January 1934, Stalin remarked in his speech, "In Ukraine, even quite recently, the deviation toward Ukrainian nationalism did not represent the main danger, but when people ceased to struggle against it and allowed it to develop to such an extent that it closed ranks with the interventionists, that deviation became the main danger". In 1863, minister of internal affairs Pyotr Valuyev issued the so-called Valuev Circular. Ukrainophile organisations were closed and their activity arrested. The lack of distinct terms in the Russian language to differentiate between Russians and the Rus' or Ruthenian people disguised reversions to imperial discourse. [2] One of the contenders who competed for power with Yeltsin in post-Soviet Russia was the mayor of Moscow, Yurii Luzhkov, who actively played the Russian nationalist card against Yeltsin, Luzhkov portrayed himself as a defender of Russians abroad during his highly publicised visits to Sevastopol.